J. Edgar Hoover

John Edgar Hoover
J. Edgar Hoover, photographed September 28, 1961
1st Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
In office March 22, 1935 – May 2, 1972
Succeeded by	L. Patrick Gray
6th Director of the Bureau of Investigation
In office May 10, 1924 – March 22, 1935
Preceded by	William J. Burns
Born	January 1 1895(1895-01-01) Washington, D.C.
Died	May 2 1972 (aged 77) Washington, D.C.
Religion	Presbyterianism
Signature

John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was an influential but controversial director of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). He was the founder of the present form of the agency, and remained director for 48 years, until his death in 1972, at age 77. During his life, he was highly regarded by the U.S. public, but in the years since his death many allegations have tarnished his image.

Hoover's leadership spanned eight presidential administrations, encompassed Prohibition, the Great Depression, World War II, the Korean War, the Cold War, and the Vietnam War. During this time, the United States moved from a rural nation with strong isolationist tendencies to an urbanized superpower.

Hoover has frequently been accused of exceeding and abusing his authority. He is known to have investigated individuals and groups because of their political beliefs rather than suspected criminal activity as well as using the FBI for illegal activities such as burglaries and illegal wiretaps.^[1] Hoover fired FBI agents randomly or frequently by singling out those who he thought "looked stupid like truck drivers" or he considered to be "pinheads."^[2]

He also relocated agents who had displeased him to career-ending assignments and locations. Melvin Purvis was a prime example; he was one of the more effective agents in capturing and breaking up 1930s gangs and received substantial public recognition, but a jealous Hoover maneuvered him out of the FBI.^[3] It is because of Hoover's long and controversial reign that FBI directors are now limited to 10 year terms.^[4]

Early life and education

Hoover was born in Washington, D.C., to Anna Marie Scheitlin and Dickerson Naylor Hoover, Sr., and grew up in the Eastern Market section of the city. Few details are known of his early years; his birth certificate was not filed until 1938. What little is known about his upbringing generally can be traced back to a single 1937 profile by journalist Jack Alexander. Hoover was educated at George Washington University, graduating in 1917, with a law degree. During his time there, he worked at the Library of Congress and also became a member of Kappa Alpha Order (Alpha Nu 1914). While a law student, Hoover became interested in the career of Anthony Comstock, the New York City-based U.S. Postal Inspector who waged prolonged campaigns against fraud and vice (as well as pornography and information on birth control) a generation earlier. He is thought to have studied Comstock's methods and modeled his early career on Comstock's reputation for relentless pursuit and occasional procedural violations in crime fighting.

Career

At the Department of Justice

During World War I, Hoover found work with the Justice Department. He soon proved himself capable and was promoted to head of the Enemy Aliens Registration Section. In 1919, he became head of the new General Intelligence Division of the Justice Department (famous for the Palmer Raids). From there, in 1921, he joined the Bureau of Investigation as deputy head, and in 1924, the Attorney General made him the acting director. On May 10, 1924, Hoover was appointed by President Calvin Coolidge to be the sixth director of the Bureau of Investigation, following President Warren Harding's death and in response to allegations that the prior Director, William J. Burns was involved in the financial scandal(s) of the Harding administration.

Director of the F.B.I.

When Hoover took over the Bureau of Investigation, it had approximately 650 employees, including 441 Special Agents. In the early thirties, there was an epidemic of bank robberies in the Midwest orchestrated by colorful sociopaths who took advantage of superior fire power and fast get away cars to bedevil local law enforcement agencies. To the chagrin and increasing discomfort of authorities, these robbers were often viewed as somewhat noble in their assaults upon the banking industry which at the time was actively involved in evicting farmers from their homesteads. This sense of empathy reached the point that many of these desperados, particularly the dashing John Dillinger (who became famous for leaping over bank cages and his repeated escapes from jails and police traps), were de facto folk heroes whose exploits frequently captured headlines. State officials began to implore Washington to aid them in containing this lawlessness. The fact that the robbers frequently took stolen cars across state lines (a federal offense) gave Hoover and his men the green light to pursue them. Things did not go as planned, however, and there were some embarrassing foul ups on the part of the FBI, particularly in regards to clashes with the Dillinger gang (actually led by "Handsome" Harry Pierpont).

A raid on a summer lodge in Little Bohemia, Wisconsin, left an agent and a hapless civilian bystander dead along with others wounded. All the gangsters escaped. Hoover realized that his job was now on the line and he pulled out all stops to bring his targets to bay. Special killing squads were set up in Chicago with the expressed purpose of exterminating these "public enemies." Hoover was particularly fixated on eliminating Dillinger whose misdeeds he considered to be personal insults directed directly at himself and "his" bureau. In late July 1934, Melvin Purvis, the Director of Operations in the Chicago office, received a tip on the whereabouts of John Dillinger. This paid off when the gangster was cut down in a hail of gunfire outside the Biograph theater.

Increased mandate

Because of several other highly-publicized captures or shootings of outlaws and bank robbers like Dillinger, Alvin Karpis, and Machine Gun Kelly, the Bureau's powers were broadened and it was renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1935. In 1939, the FBI became preeminent in the field of domestic intelligence. Hoover made changes such as expanding and combining fingerprint files in the Identification Division to compile the largest collection of fingerprints ever made. Hoover also helped to greatly expand the FBI's recruitment and create the FBI Laboratory, a division established in 1932 to examine evidence found by the FBI.

Hoover and internal security: The red threat

Hoover was noted for his concern about subversion usually associated with the "red threat," that is, fear of Communist infiltration. Under his leadership, the FBI spied upon tens of thousands of suspected subversives and radicals. Hoover tended to exaggerate the dangers of subversives, and many believe he overstepped his bounds in his pursuit of eliminating this perceived threat.^[1]

The FBI had some successes against actual subversives and spies, however. For example, in the Quirin affair during World War II, German U-boats set two small groups of Nazi agents ashore in Florida and Long Island to cause acts of sabotage within the country. The members of these teams were apprehended due, in part, to the increased vigilance and intelligence gathering efforts of the FBI, but chiefly because one of the would-be saboteurs, who had spent many years as an American resident, decided to surrender himself to the authorities, leading to the apprehension of the other saboteurs still at large.

Another example of Hoover's concern over subversion is his handling of the Venona Project. The FBI inherited a pre-WWII joint project with the British to eavesdrop on Soviet spies in the UK and the United States. Hoover kept the intercepts—America's greatest counterintelligence secret—in a locked safe in his office, choosing not to inform Truman, his Attorney General McGraith or two Secretaries of State—Dean Acheson and General George Marshall—while they held office. However, he informed the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of the Venona Project in 1952.

In 1956, Hoover was becoming increasingly frustrated by Supreme Court decisions that limited the Justice Department's ability to prosecute Communists. At this time, he formalized a covert "dirty tricks" program under the name COINTELPRO.^[1] This program remained in place until it was revealed to the public in 1971, and was the cause of some of the harshest criticism of Hoover and the FBI. COINTELPRO was first used to disrupt the Communist Party, and later such organizations such as the Black Panther Party, Martin Luther King, Jr.'s SCLC, the Ku Klux Klan, and more. Its methods included infiltration, burglaries, illegal wiretaps, planting forged documents, and spreading false rumors about key members of target organizations.^[5]

Some authors have charged that COINTELPRO methods also included inciting violence and arranging murders.^[6] In 1975, the activities of COINTELPRO were investigated by the Senate Church Committee and declared illegal and contrary to the Constitution.

Hoover amassed significant power by collecting files containing large amounts of compromising and potentially embarrassing information on many powerful people, especially politicians. According to Laurence Silberman, appointed deputy Attorney General in early 1974, Director Clarence M. Kelley thought such files either did not exist or had been destroyed. After The Washington Post broke a story in January 1975, Kelley searched and found them in his outer office. The House Judiciary Committee then demanded that Silberman testify about them. An extensive investigation of Hoover's files by David Garrow showed that Hoover and next-in-command William Sullivan, as well as the FBI itself as an agency, was responsible. These actions reflected the biases and prejudices of the country at large, especially in the attempts to prevent Martin Luther King, Jr., from conducting more extensive voter education drives, economic boycotts, and even potentially running for President.

Hoover and Civil Rights

In 1956, several years before he targeted King, Hoover had a public showdown with T.R.M. Howard, a civil rights leader from Mound Bayou, Mississippi. During a national speaking tour, Howard had criticized the FBI's failure to thoroughly investigate the racially-motivated murders of George W. Lee, Lamar Smith, and Emmett Till. Hoover not only wrote an open letter to the press singling out these statements as "irresponsible" but secretly enlisted the help of NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall in a campaign to discredit Howard.

Hoover and the fight against organized crime

In the 1950s, evidence of Hoover's unwillingness to focus FBI resources on the Mafia became grist for the media and his many detractors, after famed muckraker Jack Anderson exposed the immense scope of the Mafia's organized crime network, a threat Hoover had long downplayed. Hoover's retaliation and continual harassment of Anderson lasted into the 1970s. Hoover has also been accused of trying to undermine the reputations of members of the civil rights movement. His alleged treatment of actress Jean Seberg and Martin Luther King Jr. are two such examples.

Hoover personally directed the FBI investigation into the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. The House Select Committee on Assassinations issued a report in 1979, critical of the performance by the FBI, the Warren Commission, as well as other agencies. The report also criticized what it characterized as the FBI's reluctance to thoroughly investigate the possibility of a conspiracy to assassinate the president.^[7]

Presidents Harry Truman, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson each considered firing Hoover but concluded that the political cost of doing so would be too great. Richard Nixon twice called in Hoover with the intent of firing him, but both times he changed his mind when meeting with Hoover.

Hoover maintained strong support in Congress until his death, whereupon operational command of the Bureau passed to Associate Director Clyde Tolson. Soon thereafter, Nixon appointed L. Patrick Gray, a Justice Department official with no FBI experience, as Acting Director with W. Mark Felt remaining as Associate Director. As a historical note, Felt was revealed, in 2005, to have been the legendary "Deep Throat" during the Watergate scandal. Some of the people whom Deep Throat's revelations helped put in prison—such as Nixon's chief counsel Chuck Colson and G. Gordon Liddy—contend that this was, at least in part, because Felt was passed over by Nixon as head of the FBI after Hoover's death in 1972.^[8]

Film consultancy

In the latter part of his career and life, Hoover was a consultant to Warner Bros. on a 1959 theatrical film about the FBI, The FBI Story, and in 1965, on Warner Brothers' long-running spin-off television series, The F.B.I. Hoover personally made sure Warner Bros. would portray the FBI more favorably than other crime dramas of the times.

Personal life

For decades, there has been speculation and rumors that Hoover was homosexual, but no concrete evidence of these claims has ever been presented. Such rumors have circulated since at least the early 1940s.^[9] It has also been suggested that his long association with Clyde Tolson, an associate director of the FBI who was also Hoover's heir, was that of a gay couple. The two men were almost constantly together, working, vacationing, and having lunch and dinner together almost every weekday.^[1]

Some authors have dismissed the rumors about Hoover's sexuality and his relationship with Tolson in particular as unlikely,^[10] while others have described them as probable or even "confirmed,"^[11] and still others have reported them without stating an opinion.^[12]

In his 1993 biography, Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J Edgar Hoover, Anthony Summers quoted a witness who claimed to have seen Hoover engaging in cross-dressing and homosexual acts on two occasions in the 1950s. Although never corroborated, the allegation of cross-dressing has been widely repeated, and "J. Edna Hoover" has become the subject of humor on television, in movies, and elsewhere. In the words of author Thomas Doherty, "For American popular culture, the image of the zaftig FBI director as a Christine Jorgensen wanna-be was too delicious not to savor."^[13]

Summers also claimed that the Mafia had blackmail material on Hoover, and that as a consequence Hoover had been reluctant to aggressively pursue organized crime. Most biographers consider the story of Mafia blackmail to be unlikely in light of the FBI's actual investigations of the Mafia.

Hoover has been described as becoming increasingly a caricature of himself towards the end of his life. The book, No Left Turns, by former agent Joseph L. Schott, portrays a rigid, paranoid old man who terrified everyone. For example, Hoover liked to write on the margins of memos. According to Schott, when one memo had too narrow margins he wrote, "watch the borders!" No one had the nerve to ask him why, but they sent inquiries to the Border Patrol about any strange activities on the Canadian and Mexican frontiers. It took a week before an HQ staffer realized the message related to the borders of the memo paper.

African American author Millie McGhee claims in her 2000 book, Secrets Uncovered, to be related to J. Edgar Hoover.^[14] McGhee's oral family history holds that a branch of her Mississippi family, also named Hoover, is related to the Washington D.C. Hoovers, and that further, J. Edgar's father was not Dickerson Hoover as recorded, but rather Ivery Hoover of Mississippi. Genealogist George Ott investigated these claims and found some supporting circumstantial evidence, as well as unusual alterations of records pertaining to Hoover's officially recorded family in Washington, D.C., but found no conclusive proof. J. Edgar Hoover's birth certificate was not filed until 1938, when he was 43 years old.

Honors

• In 1950, King George VI of the United Kingdom awarded Hoover an honorary knighthood in the Order of the British Empire. This entitled him to the postnominal letters KBE, but not to the use of the title, "Sir."
• In 1955, Hoover received the National Security Medal from President Eisenhower.^[15]
• In 1966, he received the Distinguished Service Award from President Lyndon B. Johnson for his service as Director of the FBI.
• The FBI headquarters in Washington, D.C., is named the J. Edgar Hoover Building after him.
• On Hoover's death, Congress voted its permission for his body to lie in state in the Capitol Rotunda, an honor that, at the time, had been accorded to only twenty-one other Americans.

Writings

J. Edgar Hoover was the nominal author of a number of books and articles. Although it is widely believed that all of these were ghostwritten by FBI employees, Hoover received the credit and royalties.

• Hoover, J. Edgar. 1938. Persons in Hiding. Boston: Little, Brown.
• Hoover, J. Edgar. 1958. Masters of Deceit; the Story of Communism in America and How to Fight it. New York: Holt.
• Hoover, J. Edgar. 1962. A Study of Communism. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Legacy

J. Edgar Hoover is remembered for exceeding and abusing his authority. He infamously investigated individuals, including Martin Luther King, Jr., and groups because of their political beliefs rather than suspected criminal activity. He also used the FBI for other illegal activities, such as burglaries and illegal wire-tapping. As an unelected official, he may well have exercised more power than many elected politicians. There is a delicate balance between giving security and intelligence agencies the authority they need to protect the state from enemies, and to prosecute criminals and giving too much power that subsequently gets abused. Subsequent Directors of the FBI have been limited to 10 years in office in order to prevent their acquiring the degree of leverage that Hoover did. He saw himself as a Cold War warrior fighting on the home front but his targeting of those whom he personally disliked almost certainly represents an abuse of power. On the other hand, he did much to combat organized crime and to develop an efficient investigative and security agency at the Federal level, with resources unavailable to local police and law enforcement agencies.

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Beverly, William. On the lam: narratives of flight. In J. Edgar Hoover's America. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2003. ISBN 978-1578065370.
• Carrow, David J. "The FBI and Martin Luther King: New Documents Explain the Notorious Wiretaps." The Atlantic Monthly 80 (2002). ISSN 1072-7825
• Cox, John Stuart, and Athan G. Theoharis. The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988. ISBN 087722532X
• Doherty, Thomas. Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, McCarthyism, and American Culture. Columbia University Press, 2003. ISBN 0231129521.
• Felt, W. Mark, and John D. O'Connor. A G-man's Life: The FBI, Being 'Deep Throat,' And the Struggle for Honor in Washington. New York: Public Affairs, 2006. ISBN 1586483773.
• Gentry, Curt. J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets. New York: Norton, 1992. ISBN 978-0393309843.
• James, Joy. States of Confinement: Policing, Detention, and Prisons. New York: St Martins, 2000. ISBN 978-0312217778.
• Kessler, Ronald. The Bureau: The Secret History of the FBI. New York: St. Martin's Paperbacks, 2002. ISBN 0312989776.
• Lowenthal, Max. The Federal Bureau of Investigation. New York: Sloane, 1950.
• McGhee, Millie L. Secrets Uncovered: J. Edgar Hoover—Passing for White? Rancho Cucamonga, CA: Allen-Morris, 2000. ISBN 0970182228.
• Percy, William A., and Warren Johansson. Outing: Shattering the Conspiracy of Silence. New York: Haworth Press, 1994. ISBN 1560244194.
• Powers, Richard Gid. Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover. New York: Free Press, 1987. ISBN 978-0029250600.
• Purvis, Alston, and Alex Tresinowski. The Vendetta: FBI Hero Melvin Purvis's War Against Crime and J. Edgar Hoover's War Against Him. New York: Public Affairs, 2005. ISBN 1586483013.
• Schott, Joseph L. No Left Turns. New York: Praeger, 1975. ISBN 978-0275336301.
• Summers, Anthony. Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1993. ISBN 978-0399138003.
• Terry, Jennifer. An American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. ISBN 0226793664.
• Theoharis, Athan G. From the Secret Files of J. Edgar Hoover. Chicago: I.R. Dee, 1991. ISBN 978-0929587677.
• Theoharis Athan G. (ed.). The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide. New York: Facts on File, 2000. ISBN 978-0816042289.
• Tove, R.J. The Unsleeping Eye: Secret Police and Their Victims. San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2003. ISBN 978-1893554665.

External links

All links retrieved March 11, 2018.

• StraightDope.com - 'The Straight Dope: Was J. Edgar Hoover a crossdresser?'
• Assassination Records Review Board - Final Report: 1998.
• Jonathan Yardley, 'No Left Turns': The G-Man's Tour de Force A review of the book "No Left Turns" in The Washington Post, June 26, 2004.

Preceded by: William J. Burns (Director of the BOI)	Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation 1924-1972	Succeeded by: L. Patrick Gray
Preceded by: Everett Dirksen	Persons who have lain in state or honor in the United States Capitol rotunda May 3–May 4, 1972	Succeeded by: Lyndon Johnson