List Of Gomphothere Fossils In South America

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List of gomphothere fossils in South America is located in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in South America, modern classification by Mothé et al[1]
Red pog.svg Amahuacatherium peruvium
10px Cuvieronius hyodon
10px Notiomastodon platensis
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.

This is a list of gomphothere fossils found in South America. Gomphotheres were elephant-like mammals that lived from the Middle Miocene (approximately 12 million years ago) to the Holocene (6000 years BP).

The following species have been described in twentieth and twenty-first century paleontological literature about South America.[2] An alternative proposal is considered within the scientific community,[3][4][5][6] listed below.

Modern classification

  • Cuvieronius (Osborn 1923)
    • C. hyodon (Fischer 1814) (type)
  • Notiomastodon (Cabrera 1929)
    • N. platensis (Mothé et al. 2012) (type)

Former classification

List of gomphothere fossils in South America is located in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in South America, as reported
Red pog.svg Amahuacatherium peruvium
10px Cuvieronius hyodon
10px C. tropicus
10px Haplomastodon sp.
 10px H. chimborazi
 10px H. guayasensis
 10px H. waringi
10px cf. Notiomastodon (platensis)
10px Stegomastodon sp.
 10px S. platensis
 10px S. superbus
 10px S. waringi
10px Haplomastodon & Stegomastodon
10px Cuvieronius & Haplomastodon
10px Haplomastodon & Notiomastodon
10px Cuvieronius, Notiomastodon & Stegomastodon
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.

Original classification

  • Gomphotheriidae
    • Cuvieroniinae
      • Cuvieronius (Osborn 1923)
        • C. arellanoi (Ochoterena & Silva 1970)
        • C. hyodon (=C. humboldti) (Fischer 1814) (type)
        • C. priestleyi (Hay & Cook 1930)
        • C. tarijensis (Cabrera 1929)
        • C. tropicus (Cope 1884) (=C. oligobunis (Cope 1893))
      • Haplomastodon (Hoffstetter 1950)
        • H. chimborazi (Proaño 1922)
        • H. guayasensis (Hoffstetter 1952)
        • H. waringi (Holland 1920) (type)
      • Notiomastodon (Cabrera 1929)
        • N. ornatus (=S. platensis)
        • N. platensis (Mothé et al. 2012) (type)
        • N. vidali (Castellanos 1948)
      • Stegomastodon (Pohlig 1912)
        • S. mirificus (Leidy 1858) (= "S. successor, S. arizonae, S. texanus") (type)
        • S. platensis (Ameghino 1888)
        • S. primitivus (Osborn 1936) (=S. rexroadensis)
        • S. superbus (Casamiguela et al. 1996)
        • S. waringi (Hoffstetter 1950)

Gomphothere fossil finds

Formations are ordered according to their youngest age

Argentina

List of gomphothere fossils in South America is located in Argentina
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List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Argentina
Brown pog.svg Notiomastodon (cf) platensis
10px Stegomastodon sp.
 10px S. platensis (TL)
 10px S. superbus
 10px S. waringi
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.
Age Formation Location Present elevation Fossils Notes
Late Pleistocene Urundel Fm. Quebrada del Aguay, Salta 596 m (1,955 ft) Stegomastodon sp.
[7]
Río Dulce, Santiago del Estero, Santiago del Estero 194 m (636 ft) Stegomastodon platensis
[8]
[note 1]
Santa Clara Fm. Santa Clara del Mar, Mar Chiquita Partido, Buenos Aires 1 m (3.3 ft) Stegomastodon platensis
[9]
San Nicolás de los Arroyos, Buenos Aires 10 m (33 ft) Stegomastodon platensis (TL 1)
[9]
[note 1]
Mid to Late Pleistocene Yupoi Fm. Arroyo Toropí-Level 3, Bellavista, Corrientes 61 m (200 ft) Stegomastodon sp.
[10][11]
Luján Fm. Luján, Buenos Aires 21 m (69 ft) Stegomastodon superbus
[12][13]
Playa del Barco, Monte Hermoso, El Conglomerado, Cascada Paleolama, Pehuen Có, Buenos Aires 1 m (3.3 ft) Stegomastodon platensis (TL 2)
[14][15]
[note 1]
Aviá Terai, Chaco 102 m (335 ft) Stegomastodon platensis
[16][17]
Barranqueras, Chaco 49 m (161 ft) Stegomastodon sp.
[16][18]
Charata, Chaco 100 m (330 ft) Stegomastodon sp., Stegomastodon cf. platensis
[16][19]
Castelli, Chaco 100 m (330 ft) Stegomastodon cf. platensis
[16][20]
Pleistocene El Palmar Fm. Estancia El Palmar, Entre Ríos 29 m (95 ft) Stegomastodon platensis
[21][22]
[23][24]
Punta Piedras, Punta Indio, Buenos Aires 1 m (3.3 ft) Stegomastodon sp.
[25]
Río Carcarañá, Río Tercero, Santa Fe 65 m (213 ft) Mastodon sp.
[26][27]
[note 1]
Bajada de Santa Fe, Entre Ríos 12 m (39 ft) Stegomastodon sp.
[27]
Pampa de Olaen, Córdoba 900 m (3,000 ft) cf. Notiomastodon platensis
[28]
Arroyo Feliciano Fm. San José de Feliciano, Entre Ríos 50 m (160 ft) Stegomastodon waringi
[22][29]
Tapalqué, Buenos Aires 95 m (312 ft) Stegomastodon waringi
[22]
Arroyo Perucho Verna Fm. Villa Elisa, Entre Ríos 27 m (89 ft) Stegomastodon waringi
[22]
Charbonier Fm. Valle de Los Reartes, Córdoba 870 m (2,850 ft) Stegomastodon platensis ("=Notiomastodon sp.")
[30]
Tafí del Valle Fm. Tafí del Valle, Tucumán 2,000 m (6,600 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[31]

Bolivia

List of gomphothere fossils in South America is located in Bolivia
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Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Bolivia
Blue pog.svg Cuvieronius hyodon (="C. andinum")
10px Notiomastodon platensis
10px Stegomastodon sp.
10px Cuvieronius, Notiomastodon & Stegomastodon
Age Formation Location Present elevation Fossils Notes
Pleistocene Río Rujero, Tarija 1,718 m (5,636 ft) Cuvieronius hyodon
[32]
Ulloma Fm. Río Desaguadero, Ulloma, Oruro 3,880 m (12,730 ft) Cuvieronius hyodon
[33][34]
Anzaldo, Cochabamba 3,038 m (9,967 ft) Cuvieronius sp.
[35]
Betanzos Basin, between Potosí and Sucre 3,390 m (11,120 ft) Cuvieronius hyodon
[33]
Valle de Carohuaycho, between Camiri and Charagua 1,080 m (3,540 ft) Cuvieronius "andinum"
[33]
Chiquitos 167 m (548 ft) Cuvieronius "andinum"
[36]
Villa Montes, Tarija 413 m (1,355 ft) Notiomastodon platensis
[37]
Mid Pleistocene Ñuapua Fm. Ñuapua 1, Chuquisaca 595 m (1,952 ft) Stegomastodon sp.
[38][39]
Early Pleistocene Tarija Fm. Tarija, Tarija 973 m (3,192 ft) Cuvieronius hyodon, C. tropicus, Notiomastodon sp., Stegomastodon sp.
[40]
[41][42]

Brazil

List of gomphothere fossils in South America is located in Brazil
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Brazil
Red pog.svg Amahuacatherium peruvium
10px Haplomastodon sp.
 10px H. chimborazi
10px Notiomastodon platensis
10px Stegomastodon waringi
10px Haplomastodon & Notiomastodon
10px Haplomastodon & Stegomastodon
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.
Age Formation Location Present elevation Fossils Notes
Holocene Lagoa do Rumo/Chapada Diamantina, Baixa Grande, Bahia 400 m (1,300 ft) Stegomastodon waringi
[43][44]
[45]
Late Pleistocene Garrincho, São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí 390 m (1,280 ft) Haplomastodon chimborazi
[46]
[note 1]
Toca da Janela da Barra do Antoniao, São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí 300 m (980 ft) Haplomastodon sp.
[47][48]
[note 1]
Gruta dos Brejões, Morro do Chapéu, Bahia 500 m (1,600 ft) Stegomastodon waringi
[49][50]
Toca dos Ossos, Ourolândia, Bahia 770 m (2,530 ft) Stegomastodon waringi
[49][51]
Fazenda Suse II, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 900 m (3,000 ft) Stegomastodon waringi
[52]
Janaúba, Minas Gerais 580 m (1,900 ft) Stegomastodon waringi
[49][53]
Gruta do Ingá, Pains, Minas Gerais 700 m (2,300 ft) Stegomastodon waringi
[54][55]
[56]
[note 1]
Poté, Minas Gerais 560 m (1,840 ft) Stegomastodon waringi
[49][57]
Lapa do Caetano, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais 685 m (2,247 ft) Stegomastodon waringi
[58]
[59][60]
[note 1]
Lajedo de Escada, Apodi, Rio Grande do Norte 122 m (400 ft) Stegomastodon waringi ("= Notiomastodon platensis")
[61][62]
Caverna do Japonês & Nascente do Formoso, Serra da Bodoquena, Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul 373 m (1,224 ft) Stegomastodon waringi
[49][63]
[64]
Picos II, Piranhas, Alagoas 255 m (837 ft) Notiomastodon platensis
[65]
Touro Passo Fm. Touro Passo Creek, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul 52 m (171 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[66]
Pleistocene Aguas do Araxá, Minas Gerais 973 m (3,192 ft) Haplomastodon waringi, Stegomastodon waringi
[67]
[68][69]
[note 1]
Inajá Fm. Inajá, Pernambuco 355 m (1,165 ft) Haplomastodon chimborazi
[70]
Lage Grande, Pesqueira, Pernambuco 740 m (2,430 ft) Haplomastodon chimborazi, Notiomastodon vidali
[71][72]
[73][74]
[note 1]
Roçado & Quixabinha, Petrolândia, Pernambuco 320 m (1,050 ft) Haplomastodon sp.
[71]
Santa Cruz do Capibaribe & Panelas, Pernambuco 440 m (1,440 ft) Haplomastodon sp. (="Stegomastodon")
[71][75]
Águas Belas & Santa Maria da Boa Vista, Pernambuco 360 m (1,180 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[72]
Lagoa das Pedras, Salgueiro, Pernambuco 430 m (1,410 ft) Haplomastodon waringi
[72][76]
Lagoa Lajinha, Petrolina, Pernambuco 390 m (1,280 ft) Stegomastodon waringi "(=H. waringi)"
[72]
Fazenda Nova, Brejo da Madre de Deus, Pernambuco 470 m (1,540 ft) Stegomastodon sp. "(=Haplomastodon sp.)", S. waringi, Notiomastodon platensis
[77][78]
[79]
Jirau & João Cativo, Itapipoca, Ceará 65 m (213 ft) Notiomastodon platensis
[78]
Taguara/Araras, Nova Mamoré & Porto Velho, Rondônia 150 m (490 ft) Notiomastodon platensis
[78]
[note 1]
Sitio Novo, Matina, Bahia 490 m (1,610 ft) Notiomastodon platensis
[44]
Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 950 m (3,120 ft) Notiomastodon platensis
[44]
Fazenda Caraíba, Coronel João Sá, Bahia 266 m (873 ft) Stegomastodon waringi, Notiomastodon platensis
[80][81]
Serro do Gronda, Espírito Santo 25 m (82 ft) Haplomastodon chimborazi
[82]
Taperoá, Paraíba 530 m (1,740 ft) Haplomastodon sp.
[83]
Upper Ribeira, São Paulo 360 m (1,180 ft) Stegomastodon waringi
[84][85]
Tortonian Solimões Fm. Río Acre, Acre 274 m (899 ft) Amahuacatherium peruvium
[86]

Chile

List of gomphothere fossils in South America is located in Chile
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Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Chile
Blue pog.svg Cuvieronius hyodon
10px Stegomastodon sp.
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.
Age Formation Location Present elevation Fossils Notes
Pleistocene Taguatagua, O'Higgins 206 m (676 ft) C. hyodon (rev. Stegomastodon sp.)
[87][88]
[note 1]
Tierras Blancas & Los Vilos, La Ligua, Valparaíso 943 m (3,094 ft) C. hyodon (rev. Stegomastodon sp.)
[87][88]
[note 1]
Parral, Cauquenes, Maule 150 m (490 ft) Cuvieronius hyodon
[87]
San Pablo de Tramalhué, Pilauco Bajo, Osorno 14 m (46 ft) Cuvieronius hyodon
[87]
[note 1]
Río Bueno, Valdivia 10 m (33 ft) Cuvieronius hyodon
[87]
Paredones & Colchagua 55 m (180 ft) Cuvieronius hyodon
[87]
Alto de Boroa, Temuco 131 m (430 ft) Cuvieronius hyodon
[87]
Limahuida, Río Choapa 282 m (925 ft) Cuvieronius hyodon
[87]
Casablanca 313 m (1,027 ft) Cuvieronius hyodon
[87]
Chillán 138 m (453 ft) Cuvieronius hyodon
[89]
Monte Verde 59 m (194 ft) C. hyodon (rev. Stegomastodon sp.)
[87][88]
[note 1]
Lagunillas, Valparaíso 212 m (696 ft) cf. hyodon
[87]
Catapilco, La Ligua 103 m (338 ft) cf. hyodon
[87]
Marchigüe, Colchagua 170 m (560 ft) Stegomastodon sp.
[88]
[note 1]
El Trebal 1, Padre Hurtado, Metropolitan Region 424 m (1,391 ft) Stegomastodon platensis
[90]
Río Salado 1, Chiu Chiu 3,012 m (9,882 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[91]
Quebrada Quereo Fm. Quereo 20 m (66 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[87][92]
Malloco, Santiago 482 m (1,581 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[87]
Algarrobo 5 m (16 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[87]
Melipilla 269 m (883 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[87]
Cerrillos, Santiago 516 m (1,693 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[87]
Chorro de la Vieja, Colchagua 1,813 m (5,948 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[87]
Cachagua 5 m (16 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[87]
Estero de Coyanco, Laja 121 m (397 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[87]
Pliocene Las Pozas/Chacabuco 695 m (2,280 ft) C. tropicus (rev. Stegomastodon sp.)
[88][93]
[note 1]

Colombia

List of gomphothere fossils in South America is located in Colombia
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List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Colombia
Yellow ffff80 pog.svg Haplomastodon sp.
 10px H. chimborazi
 10px H. waringi
10px Stegomastodon sp.
 10px S. waringi
10px Cuvieronius & Haplomastodon
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.
Age Formation Location Present elevation Fossils Notes
Holocene Quaternary alluvium Yumbo, Valle del Cauca 855 m (2,805 ft) Stegomastodon waringi
[94][95]
Turbaná, Bolívar 80 m (260 ft) Stegomastodon waringi
[96][97]
[note 1]
Late Pleistocene (Lujanian) Sabana Fm. Tibitó, Checua, Bosa, Guasca, Guatavita, Soacha, Tunjuelito, Pubenza & Mosquera, Tocancipá, Bogotá savanna, Cundinamarca 2,600 m (8,500 ft) Cuvieronius hyodon, Haplomastodon waringi or H. chimborazi
[94][98]
[99][100]
[note 1]
Curití, Santander 1,400 m (4,600 ft) Haplomastodon chimborazi
[98][101]
Soatá Fm. Soatá, Boyacá 1,950 m (6,400 ft) Haplomastodon waringi
[102][103]
[104][105]
Rotinet Fm. Rotinet, Repelón, Atlántico 8 m (26 ft) Haplomastodon waringi
[106][107]
[108]
Middle Pleistocene Tocaima, Cundinamarca 432 m (1,417 ft) Haplomastodon waringi
[109][110]
[note 1]
Pleistocene Arboleda, Nariño 2,170 m (7,120 ft) Haplomastodon sp.
[94]
[note 1]
Mercaderes, Cauca 1,170 m (3,840 ft) Haplomastodon sp.
[94]
El Remolino, Taminango, Nariño 1,470 m (4,820 ft) Haplomastodon sp.
[94]
[note 1]
Toro, Valle del Cauca 970 m (3,180 ft) Stegomastodon sp.
[94]
Medellín, Antioquia 1,500 m (4,900 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[94]
El Cocuy, Boyacá 2,750 m (9,020 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[94]
Duitama, Boyacá 2,600 m (8,500 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[94]
Sáchica, Boyacá 2,150 m (7,050 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[111]
Socotá, Boyacá 2,440 m (8,010 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[94]
Tunja, Boyacá 2,820 m (9,250 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[94]
Villa de Leyva, Boyacá 2,150 m (7,050 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[94]
Salamina, Caldas 1,820 m (5,970 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[94]
Fusagasugá, Cundinamarca 1,750 m (5,740 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[112]
Carrizal, Uribia, La Guajira 53 m (174 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[94]
Cabrera & San Alfonso, Villavieja, Huila 430 m (1,410 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[94]
Cúcuta, Norte de Santander 320 m (1,050 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[113]
Pamplona, Norte de Santander 2,340 m (7,680 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[94]
Agualinda, Lebrija, Santander 1,050 m (3,440 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[111]
Vélez, Santander 2,050 m (6,730 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[94]
Ibagué, Tolima 1,280 m (4,200 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[94]
Ortega, Tolima 2,680 m (8,790 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[94]
La Victoria, Valle del Cauca 900 m (3,000 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[94]
Zarzal, Valle del Cauca 900 m (3,000 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[94]

Ecuador

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Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Ecuador
Blue pog.svg Cuvieronius hyodon (TL)
10px Haplomastodon chimborazi
10px H. guayasensis
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.
Age Formation Location Present elevation Fossils Notes
Mid to Late Pleistocene Tablazo Fm. Río Cañas, Montecristi, Manabí 100 m (330 ft) Haplomastodon chimborazi
[114][115]
Pleistocene Imbabura, Imbabura 3,200 m (10,500 ft) Cuvieronius hyodon (TL)
[116]
Region de La Paz, Carchi 2,690 m (8,830 ft) Haplomastodon chimborazi
[117][118]
Hacienca Pucará, Carchi 3,000 m (9,800 ft) Haplomastodon chimborazi
[117][119]
Calderón/Carapungo, Quito, Pichincha 2,630 m (8,630 ft) Haplomastodon chimborazi
[117][120]
Alangasí, Quito, Pichincha 2,539 m (8,330 ft) Haplomastodon chimborazi
[117][121]
[note 1]
Punín, Chalán, Chimborazo 2,994 m (9,823 ft) Haplomastodon chimborazi
[117][122]
[note 1]
Tumbaco, Pichincha 2,360 m (7,740 ft) Haplomastodon chimborazi
[117][123]
Llano Chico, Quito, Pichincha 2,610 m (8,560 ft) Haplomastodon chimborazi
[117][124]
Quebrada La Tola, Quito, Pichincha 2,343 m (7,687 ft) Haplomastodon chimborazi
[117][125]
Checa, Pichincha 2,520 m (8,270 ft) Haplomastodon chimborazi
[117][126]
La Carolina, Santa Elena 5 m (16 ft) Haplomastodon guayasensis
[117][127]
[note 1]
Tanque Loma, Santa Elena 21 m (69 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet. (cf. N. platensis)
[128]
Quebrada Pistud, Bolívar, Carchi 2,760 m (9,060 ft) Haplomastodon chimborazi
[129]
[note 1]
Baños, Cuenca 2,760 m (9,060 ft) Cuvieronius hyodon
[130]

Paraguay

List of gomphothere fossils in South America is located in Paraguay
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Location of gomphothere fossil finds in Paraguay
Brown pog.svg cf. Notiomastodon
10px Stegomastodon sp.
Age Formation Location Present elevation Fossils Notes
Pleistocene General Bruguer/Riacho Negro, Presidente Hayes 55 m (180 ft) Stegomastodon sp.
[131][132]
[133][134]
[note 1]
Puerto Santa Rosa, San Pedro 72 m (236 ft) cf. Notiomastodon
[135]

Peru

List of gomphothere fossils in South America is located in Peru
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Red pog.svg Amahuacatherium peruvium
10px Cuvieronius hyodon
10px Stegomastodon sp. "=Haplomastodon"[136]
 10px S. waringi
Age Formation Location Present elevation Fossils Notes
Late Pleistocene La Brea, Talara, Piura 3 m (9.8 ft) Stegomastodon sp.
[136][137]
Cupinisque Desert, La Libertad 2 m (6.6 ft) Stegomastodon sp.
[136]
Ocucaje, Ica 500 m (1,600 ft) Stegomastodon sp.
[136]
Quebrada El Jahuay, Arequipa 1 m (3.3 ft) Stegomastodon sp.
[136]
[note 1]
La Huaca, Piura 17 m (56 ft) Stegomastodon sp.
[136]
[note 1]
Ayusbamba, Cuzco 3,500 m (11,500 ft) Cuvieronius hyodon
[138]
Quipan, Canta, Lima 2,200 m (7,200 ft) Stegomastodon waringi
[139]
[note 1]
Pasamayo Quarry, Lima 10 m (33 ft) Stegomastodon waringi
[140]
Pleistocene Sacaco 2, Arequipa 750 m (2,460 ft) Stegomastodon sp.
[141][142]
Celendín, Cajamarca 2,500 m (8,200 ft) Stegomastodon sp.
[136][143]
Tortonian Madre de Dios Fm. Cerro Colorado, Madre de Dios 300 m (980 ft) Amahuacatherium peruvium
[144]

Uruguay

List of gomphothere fossils in South America is located in Uruguay
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Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Uruguay
Lightgreen pog.svg Stegomastodon waringi
Age Formation Location Present elevation Fossils Notes
Late Pleistocene Dolores Fm. Campo Viñoles, Cerro Largo 105 m (344 ft) Stegomastodon waringi
[145][146]
[note 1]
Mid to Late Pleistocene Casil Quarry, Montevideo 17 m (56 ft) Stegomastodon waringi
[147][148]
[149]

Venezuela

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Cyan pog.svg ?Cuvieronius sp.
10px Haplomastodon chimborazi
10px H. sp. &/= Stegomastodon waringi
10px Stegomastodon sp.
10px Gomphotheriidae indet.
Age Formation Location Present elevation Fossils Notes
Late Pleistocene Cucuruchú, Barquisimeto 566 m (1,857 ft) Haplomastodon chimborazi ("=Stegomastodon")
[150][151]
Taima-Taima, Falcón 40 m (130 ft) Haplomastodon sp., (=)Stegomastodon waringi
[151][152]
[153]
[154][155]
[note 1]
San Miguel, Lara 998 m (3,274 ft) ?Stegomastodon sp.
[151]
Quíbor, Lara 694 m (2,277 ft) ?Stegomastodon sp.
[151]
Quebrada de Guadalupe, Lara 590 m (1,940 ft) Stegomastodon sp.
[151]
San Juan de los Morros, Guárico 450 m (1,480 ft) Stegomastodon sp.
[151]
[note 1]
Los Guamos, Trujillo 1,200 m (3,900 ft) ?Cuvieronius sp.
[151]
Minas de Guaniamo, Cedeño, Bolívar 250 m (820 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Los Guayos, Guacara, Carabobo 440 m (1,440 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Zanja de Lira, Cojedes 70 m (230 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
La Ciénega, Pueblo Nuevo [es], Falcón 60 m (200 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Coro, Falcón 28 m (92 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Camaguán, Guárico 50 m (160 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Barbacoas, Lara 1,500 m (4,900 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Carora, Lara 425 m (1,394 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
La Cruz, Guardagallos, Quebrada del Totumo, Urdaneta, Lara 185 m (607 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
El Anís, Mérida 499 m (1,637 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Maturín, Monagas 90 m (300 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Mundo Nuevo, Monagas 900 m (3,000 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Orocual, Monagas 145 m (476 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Cumanacoa, Sucre 231 m (758 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Agua Viva, Trujillo 120 m (390 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Serranía del Perijá, Zulia 175 m (574 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Minas de Guasare-Socuy, Zulia 26 m (85 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]

Proposed reclassification

Some authors, Lucas, Mothé, Avilla et al., propose a reclassification of the South American gomphotheres as follows:[3][4][5][6]

  • Stegomastodon (Pohlig, 1912) is an exclusively North American genus
  • Haplomastodon (Hoffstetter 1950) is a South American genus, but synonymous with Notiomastodon (Cabrera 1929)
  • as Notiomastodon was defined earlier, all Haplomastodon species should be considered part of Notiomastodon
  • all formerly described species as Stegomastodon sp., Haplomastodon sp. and Notiomastodon sp. belong to a single species; Notiomastodon platensis
  • Cuvieronius is the only remaining South American genus outside of Notiomastodon, containing the single local species C. hyodon

Other researchers as Labarca, Prado and Alberdi agree with the placement of species into Notiomastodon, but reject the idea of a single species. They continue to use Stegomastodon waringi for South American gomphotheres from Chile.[90]

Evolution

  • Lucas (2010, 2013) proposes that Notiomastodon evolved from Cuvieronius inside South America[3]
  • Mothé et al. (2012, 2015, 2016) propose that Notiomastodon and Cuvieronius reached South America in two separate migration waves[156]

Gallery

  • Global distribution Gomphotheriidae

  • Cuvieronius hyodon

  • Notiomastodon

  • Notiomastodon

  • Notiomastodon and Stegomastodon

  • Reconstructed gomphotheres, Osorno, Chile

See also

  • Gomphothere
  • Great American Biotic Interchange
  • South American land mammal ages
  • List of fossil primates of South America


Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 Reclassified as Notiomastodon platensis by Mothé et al. (2015)[1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mothé & Avilla, 2015, pp.25-27
  2. ↑ Defler, Thomas (2018-12-19). History of Terrestrial Mammals in South America How South American Mammalian Fauna Changed from the Mesozoic to Recent Times. Springer. ISBN 9783319984490. OCLC 1086568896. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Lucas, 2013
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Mothé et al., 2012
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Mothé et al., 2016a
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Mothé et al., 2016b
  7. ↑ Zacarías et al., 2012
  8. ↑ Alberdi et al., 2008
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Alberdi & Prado, 2008, p.179
  10. ↑ Miño et al., 2005, p.2
  11. ↑ Arroyo Toropí-Level 3 at Fossilworks.org
  12. ↑ Tonni et al., 1985, p.259
  13. ↑ Luján at Fossilworks.org
  14. ↑ Tomassini et al., 2010
  15. ↑ Prado et al., 2012, p.624
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Zurita et al., 2004
  17. ↑ Aviá Terai at Fossilworks.org
  18. ↑ Barranqueras at Fossilworks.org
  19. ↑ Charata at Fossilworks.org
  20. ↑ Castelli at Fossilworks.org
  21. ↑ Tonni, 1987
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Chimento & Agnolin, 2011
  23. ↑ Isla et al., 2013, p.162
  24. ↑ Estancia El Palmar at Fossilworks.org
  25. ↑ Pomi, 2008
  26. ↑ Iriondo & Kröhling, 2007, p.7
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Fernicola et al., 2009
  28. ↑ Krapovickas & Tauber, 2016
  29. ↑ Isla et al., 2013, p.32
  30. ↑ Isla et al., 2013, p.108
  31. ↑ Isla et al., 2013, p.407
  32. ↑ Río Rujero at Fossilworks.org
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.644
  34. ↑ Río Desaguadero at Fossilworks.org
  35. ↑ Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.643
  36. ↑ Pardo et al., 2003, pp.350-351
  37. ↑ (in Spanish) Registran una nueva especie de mastodonte en Villa Montes
  38. ↑ Ñuapua 1 at Fossilworks.org
  39. ↑ Ñuapua 2 at Fossilworks.org
  40. ↑ MacFadden & Shockey, 1997
  41. ↑ Tarija-1 at Fossilworks.org
  42. ↑ Tarija 2 at Fossilworks.org
  43. ↑ Da Costa & De Souza, 2009
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Souza Lobo et al., 2015, p.333
  45. ↑ Lagoa do Rumo/Chapada Diamantina at Fossilworks.org
  46. ↑ Garrincho at Fossilworks.org
  47. ↑ Guérin et al., 1999, p.136
  48. ↑ Toca da Janela da Barra do Antoniao at Fossilworks.org
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 Alberdi et al., 2002, p.219
  50. ↑ Gruta dos Brejoes at Fossilworks.org
  51. ↑ Toca dos Ossos at Fossilworks.org
  52. ↑ Fazenda Suse II at Fossilworks.org
  53. ↑ Janauba at Fossilworks.org
  54. ↑ Alberdi et al., 2002, p.218
  55. ↑ De Oliveira et al., 2007, p.410
  56. ↑ Gruta do Ingá at Fossilworks.org
  57. ↑ Poté at Fossilworks.org
  58. ↑ Alberdi et al., 2002, p.220
  59. ↑ Lapa do Caetano at Fossilworks.org
  60. ↑ (in Spanish) Fossils of Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais – Pueblos Originarios
  61. ↑ De Souza Barbosa, 2013, p.5
  62. ↑ Lajedo de Escada at Fossilworks.org
  63. ↑ Parisi et al., 2016, p.2
  64. ↑ Bonito at Fossilworks.org
  65. ↑ Asakura et al., 2014, p.5
  66. ↑ Kerber et al., 2014, p.254
  67. ↑ Simpson & De Couto, 1957
  68. ↑ Aguas do Araxa at Fossilworks.org
  69. ↑ Aguas do Araxá 2 at Fossilworks.org
  70. ↑ Lage Grande Level 2, Pernambuco at Fossilworks.org
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 Marinho da Silva et al., 2003, p.2
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 Da Silva Alves, 2007, p.46
  73. ↑ Lage Grande Level 1 at Fossilworks.org
  74. ↑ Lage Grande Level 2 at Fossilworks.org
  75. ↑ Da Silva Alves, 2007, p.45
  76. ↑ Guérin, 1993, p.17
  77. ↑ Oliveira et al., 2009, p.81
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 De Araújo et al., 2012, p.99
  79. ↑ Da Silva Alves, 2007, p.47
  80. ↑ Trindade Dantas & Zucon, 2007, p.192
  81. ↑ Fazenda Caraíba at Fossilworks.org
  82. ↑ Serro do Gronda at Fossilworks.org
  83. ↑ Taperoa at Fossilworks.org
  84. ↑ Ghilardi et al., 2011
  85. ↑ Upper Ribeira at Fossilworks.org
  86. ↑ Rio Acre at Fossilworks.org
  87. ↑ 87.00 87.01 87.02 87.03 87.04 87.05 87.06 87.07 87.08 87.09 87.10 87.11 87.12 87.13 87.14 87.15 87.16 87.17 87.18 87.19 Frassinetti & Alberdi, 2000, p.207
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 88.3 88.4 Frassinetti & Alberdi, 2005, p.103
  89. ↑ Pardo et al., 2003, p.353
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 Labarca et al., 2016
  91. ↑ López et al., 2010, p.13
  92. ↑ Labarca & Alcaraz, 2011, p.160
  93. ↑ Las Pozas/Hacienda Chacabuco at Fossilworks.org
  94. ↑ 94.00 94.01 94.02 94.03 94.04 94.05 94.06 94.07 94.08 94.09 94.10 94.11 94.12 94.13 94.14 94.15 94.16 94.17 94.18 94.19 94.20 Rodríguez Flórez et al., 2009
  95. ↑ Stegomastodon waringi at Fossilworks.org
  96. ↑ Pardo Jaramillo, 2012
  97. ↑ Turbaná at Fossilworks.org
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 De Porta, 1969, p.92
  99. ↑ Correal Urrego, 1990, p.77
  100. ↑ Hammen, 1986, p.29
  101. ↑ Curití at Fossilworks.org
  102. ↑ Villarroel et al., 1996
  103. ↑ Hernández & De Porta, 1960, p.46
  104. ↑ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.54
  105. ↑ Soatá at Fossilworks.org
  106. ↑ Páramo & Escobar, 2010, p.55
  107. ↑ Villarroel & Clavijo, 2005, p.353
  108. ↑ Haplomastodon waringi, Rotinet at Fossilworks.org
  109. ↑ De Porta, 1961, p.52
  110. ↑ Bürgl, 1956
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 (in Spanish) Mastodontes en Colombia
  112. ↑ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.53
  113. ↑ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.52
  114. ↑ Cantalamessa et al., 2001
  115. ↑ Río Canas at Fossilworks.org
  116. ↑ Carrión, s.a.
  117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 117.2 117.3 117.4 117.5 117.6 117.7 117.8 117.9 Hoffstetter, 1952
  118. ↑ Region de La Paz at Fossilworks.org
  119. ↑ Hacienda Pucará at Fossilworks.org
  120. ↑ Calderón/Carapungo at Fossilworks.org
  121. ↑ Alangasí at Fossilworks.org
  122. ↑ Punín, Chalán at Fossilworks.org
  123. ↑ Tumbaco at Fossilworks.org
  124. ↑ Llano Chico at Fossilworks.org
  125. ↑ Quebrada La Tola at Fossilworks.org
  126. ↑ Checa at Fossilworks.org
  127. ↑ La Carolina at Fossilworks.org
  128. ↑ Lindsey & López, 2015, p.70
  129. ↑ Ferretti, 2010, p.667
  130. ↑ Marshall et al., 1984, p.50
  131. ↑ Hoffstetter, 1978
  132. ↑ Ríos et al., 2013
  133. ↑ Báez et al., 2004
  134. ↑ General Bruguer/Riacho Negro at Fossilworks.org
  135. ↑ Ríos et al, 2014
  136. ↑ 136.0 136.1 136.2 136.3 136.4 136.5 136.6 Pujos & Salas, 2004a
  137. ↑ La Brea Talara at Fossilworks.org
  138. ↑ Alberdi et al., 2004, p.428
  139. ↑ Alberdi et al., 2004, p.446
  140. ↑ Alberdi et al., 2004, p.426
  141. ↑ Pujos & Salas, 2004b
  142. ↑ Sacaco 2 at Fossilworks.org
  143. ↑ Celendín at Fossilworks.org
  144. ↑ Campbell et al., 2009, p.114
  145. ↑ Alberdi et al., 2007
  146. ↑ Campo Viñoles, Cerro Largo at Fossilworks.org
  147. ↑ Gutiérrez et al., 2005
  148. ↑ Alvarenga et al., 2010
  149. ↑ Casil Quarry at Fossilworks.org
  150. ↑ Cucuruchu at Fossilworks.org
  151. ↑ 151.00 151.01 151.02 151.03 151.04 151.05 151.06 151.07 151.08 151.09 151.10 151.11 151.12 151.13 151.14 151.15 151.16 151.17 151.18 151.19 151.20 151.21 151.22 151.23 Carrillo et al., 2008, p.252
  152. ↑ Morón, 2015
  153. ↑ Bryan et al., 1978
  154. ↑ Taima-Taima at Fossilworks.org
  155. ↑ Taima-Taima Unit 1 at Fossilworks.org
  156. ↑ Mothé & Avilla, 2015, p.33

Bibliography

Publications are in chronological order, most recent first, because of the advances in taxonomy and research

Publications South America
  • Prado, José Luis; Alberdi, María Teresa; Azanza, Beatriz; Sánchez, Begonia; Frassinetti, Daniel (2005). "The Pleistocene Gomphotheriidae (Proboscidea) from South America". Quaternary International 126: 21–30. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.012. Bibcode: 2005QuInt.126...21P. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222975355. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Prado, José Luis; Alberdi, María Teresa; Sánchez, Begonia; Azanza, Beatriz (2003). "Diversity of the Pleistocene Gomphotheres (Gomphotheriidae, Proboscidea) from South America". Deinsea 9: 347–363. http://www.hetnatuurhistorisch.nl/fileadmin/user_upload/documents-nmr/Publicaties/Deinsea/Deinsea_09/DSA9_024_Prado_347-363.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Alberdi, María Teresa; Prado, José Luis (1995). "Los mastodontes de América Del Sur". Monografías Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC 12: 277–292. https://www.academia.edu/1037850. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Marshall, Larry G.; Berta, Annalisa; Hoffstetter, Robert; Pascual, Rosendo; Reig, Osvaldo A.; Bombin, Miguel; Mones, Álvaro (1984). "Mammals and stratigraphy: geochronology of the continental mammal bearing Quaternary of South America". Palaeovertebrata. 
Publications Argentina
  • Krapovickas, Jerónimo Matías; Tauber, Adan Alejo (2016). "Estratigrafía de las áreas cumbrales de las Sierras Pampeanas de Córdoba: geocronología, modelo regional, paleoambiente y paleoclima en una región poco conocida de Argentina". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 33. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1026-87742016000100105&lng=pt&nrm=iso. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Fajardo, Dante; Isla, Federico Ignacio; Iriondo, Martín; Kröhling, Daniela (2013). "Lexico estratigráfico de la Argentina – Cuaternario". http://www.geologica.org.ar/archivos_usuarios/cuaternario.pdf. 
  • Prado, José Luis; Alberdi, María Teresa; Di Martino, Vicente José (2012). "Équidos y gonfoterios del Pleistoceno Tardío del sudeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires". Ameghiniana 49 (4): 623–641. doi:10.5710/AMGH.28.4.2011.559. 
  • Zacarías, G.G.; Miño Boilini, A.R.; Zurita, A.E.; Francia, A. (2012). "Campamento Vespucio, una nueva localidad con mamíferos pleistocenos en la provincia de Salta, Argentina". Estudios Geológicos 68 (2): 277–285. doi:10.3989/egeol.40472.147. http://estudiosgeol.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgeol/article/view/830/862. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Chimento, Nicolás R.; Agnolin, Federico L. (2011). "Mamíferos del pleistoceno superior de santiago del estero (Argentina) y sus afinidades paleobiogeográficas". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 51 (6): 83–100. doi:10.1590/S0031-10492011000600001. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492011000600001. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Tomassini, Rodrigo L.; Montalvo, Claudia I.; Manera, Teresa; Oliva, Cristian (2010). "Estudio tafonómico de los mamíferos pleistocenos del yacimiento de Playa del Barco (Pehuen Co), provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina". Ameghiniana 47 (2): 137–152. doi:10.5710/AMGH.v47i2.5. http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0002-70142010000200001. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Fernicola, Juan Carlos; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; De Iulliis, Gerardo (2009). "The fossil mammals collected by Charles Darwin in South America during his travels on board the HMS Beagle". Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 64. http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-48222009000100016. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Alberdi, María Teresa; Prado, José Luis (2008). "Presencia de Stegomastodon (Gomphotheriidae, Proboscidea) en el Pleistoceno Superior de la zona costera de Santa Clara del Mar (Argentina)". Estudios Geológicos 64: 175–185. doi:10.3989/egeol.08642.044. http://estudiosgeol.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgeol/article/viewFile/572/586. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Alberdi, María Teresa; Cerdeño, Esperanza; Prado, José Luis (2008). "Stegomastodon platensis (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) en el Pleistoceno de Santiago del Estero, Argentina". Ameghiniana 45. http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0002-70142008000200001. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Pomi, Lucas Horacio (2008). "Una nueva asociación de vertebrados fósiles de Edad Ensenadense (Plioceno tardío-Pleistoceno medio) de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina". Ameghiniana 45: 503–510. http://www.scielo.org.ar/img/revistas/ameg/v45n2/html/v45n2a19.htm. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Fernicola, Juan C. (2008). "Las bestias fósiles de Mr. Darwin". Museo 3: 65–69. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/47226/Documento_completo.pdf?sequence=1. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Iriondo, Martín; Kröhling, Daniela (2007). "Geomorphology and sedimentology of the upper basin of the Salado River (Southern Santa Fe and NW Buenos Aires provinces; Argentina)". Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis 14. http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/lajsba/v14n1/v14n1a01.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Zurita, Alfredo E.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Scillato Yané, Gustavo J.; Tonni, Eduardo P. (2004). "Mamíferos extintos del Cuaternario de la Provincia del Chaco (Argentina) y su relación con aquéllos del este de la región pampeana y de Chile". Revista Geológica de Chile 31: 65–87. doi:10.4067/S0716-02082004000100004. http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-02082004000100004. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Tonni, Eduardo P (1987). "Stegomastodon platensis (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) y la antigüedad de la Formación El Palmar en el Departamento Colon, Provincia de Entre Ríos, República de Argentina". Ameghiniana 2: 323–324. 
  • Tonni, Eduardo P.; Prado, José Luis; Menegaz, Adriana N.; Salemme, Mónica G. (1985). "La Unidad Mamífero (Fauna) Lujanense. Proyección de la Estratigrafia Mamaliana al Cuaternario de la Región Pampeana". Ameghiniana 22: 255–261. https://www.academia.edu/1308858. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
Publications Bolivia
  • MacFadden, Bruce J.; Shockey, Bruce J. (1997). "Ancient Feeding Ecology and Niche Differentiation of Pleistocene Mammalian Herbivores from Tarija, Bolivia: Morphological and Isotopic Evidence". Paleobiology 23 (1): 77–100. doi:10.1017/S0094837300016651. Bibcode: 1997Pbio...23...77M. 
  • Marshall, Larry G.; Sempere, Thierry (1991). "The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context – A review". Revista técnica de YPFB 12: 631–652. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/32979728. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Boule, Marcellin; Thevenin, A. (1920). Mammifères fossiles de Tarija. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. https://archive.org/details/mammifresfossi00bouluoft. 
Publications Brazil
  • Parisi Dutra, Rodrigo; Velloso Missagia, Rafaela; Araujo Perini, Fernando; Cozzuol, Mario Alberto; Gasparini, Germán Mariano; Gonçalves Guedes, Patricia; De Oliveira Salles, Leandro (2016). "Fossil peccaries of Late Pleistocene/Holocene (Cetartiodactyla, Tayassuidae) from underwater caves of Serra da Bodoquena (Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil)". Historical Biology 29. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289686470. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Souza Lobo, Leonardo; Saldanha Scherer, Carolina; Trindade Dantas, Mário André (2015). "Megafauna do Pleistoceno Final de Matina, Bahia, Brasil: sistemática, cronologia e paleoecologia". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 18 (2): 325–338. doi:10.4072/rbp.2015.2.11. http://www.sbpbrasil.org/assets/uploads/files/11_Lobo_et_al_pg325a338_site.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Asakura Bezerra de Oliveira, Yumi; Lopes da Silva, Jorge Luiz; Lopes da Silva, Ana Paula; Alves da Silva, Elaine Pollyanne; Cavalcante Omena, Érica (2014). "Taphonomic and sedimentological aspects of the "Picos II" paleontological site, municipality of Piranhas, Alagoas, Brazil". PeerJ 644. https://peerj.com/preprints/644.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Kerber, Leonardo; Gregis Pitana, Vanessa; Ribeiro, Ana María; Schmaltz Hsiou, Annie; Oliveira, Edison V. (2014). "Late Pleistocene vertebrates from Touro Passo Creek (Touro Passo Formation), southern Brazil: a review". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 31: 248–259. http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/rmcg/v31n2/v31n2a8.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • De Araújo Júnior, Hermínio Ismael; Bissaro Júnior, Marcos César; Tavares dos Santos, Tirla; Da Silva Alves, Rosembergh; Paglarelli Bergqvist, Lílian (2012). "Tafonomia da megafauna Pleistocênica Brasileira: Fluvial Transport Index (FTI) em análises de representatividade óssea". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 15: 95–104. doi:10.4072/rbp.2012.1.08. http://www.sbpbrasil.org/revista/edicoes/15_1/8_Araujo-Junior_et_al.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Ghilardi, Aline Marcele; Adorna Fernandes, Marcelo; Bichuette, Maria Elina (2011). "Megafauna from the Late Pleistocene-Holocene deposits of the Upper Ribeira karst area, southeast Brazil". Quaternary International 245 (2): 369–378. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.04.018. Bibcode: 2011QuInt.245..369G. 
  • Campbell, Kenneth E.; Frailey, Carl D.; Romero Pittman, Lidia (2009). "In defense of Amahuacatherium (Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 252: 113–128. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0252-0113. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284672636. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Da Costa Ribeiro, Ricardo; De Souza Carvalho, Ismar (2009). "Megafauna do Quaternário tardio de Baixa Grande, Bahia, Brasil". Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 32. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43245484. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Oliveira, Édison Vicente; Franca Barreto, Alcina M.; Da Silva Alves, Rosembergh (2009). "Aspectos sistemáticos, paleobiogeográficos e paleoclimáticos dos mamíferos quaternários de Fazenda Nova, PE, nordeste do Brasil". Gaea – Journal of Geoscience 5: 75–85. doi:10.4013/gaea.2009.52.04. https://www.ufpe.br/ppgeoc/images/publicacoes/edison3.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • De Oliveira Porpino, Kleberson; Dos Santos Júnior, Valdeci; Ferreira dos Santos, Maria de Fátima Cavalcante (2007). "Lajedo do Soledade, Apodi-RN, Ocorrência peculiar de megafauna fóssil quaternária no nordeste do Brasil". SIGEP 127: 403–412. https://www.academia.edu/4777432. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Trindade Dantas, Mário André; De L. Tasso, M.A. (2007). "Megafauna do Pleistoceno final de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia: taxonomia e aspectos tafonômicos". Scientia Plena 3: 30–36. 
  • Trindade Dantas, Mário André; Zucon, Maria Elena (2007). "Sobre a ocorrência de fósseis da megafauna do Pleistoceno final em Coronel João Sá, Bahia. Brasil". Revista UnG 6: 191–200. https://www.academia.edu/2546895. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Cozzuol, Mario (2006). "The Acre vertebrate fauna: Age, diversity, and geography". Journal of South American Earth Sciences 21 (3): 185–203. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2006.03.005. Bibcode: 2006JSAES..21..185C. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222357514. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Marinho da Silva, Fabiana; Da Silva Alves, Rosembergh; Franca Barreto, Alcina Magnólia; Bezerra de Sá, Fabrício; Borges de Lins e Silva, Ana Carolina (2006). "A megafauna Pleistocênica do Estado de Pernambuco". Estudos Geológicos 16: 55–66. https://www.ufpe.br/estudosgeologicos/paginas/edicoes/2006162/2006162t04.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Marinho da Silva, Fabiana; Franca Barreto, Alcina Magnólia; Bezerra de Sá, Fabrício; Borges de Lins e Silva, Ana Carolina (2003). "Levantamento das ocorrências dos fósseis de mamíferos Quaternários do Estado de Pernambuco – resultados preliminares" (in pt-BR). http://www.abequa.org.br/trabalhos/quatcont_270.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Alberdi, María Teresa; Prado, José Luis; Cartelle, Cástor (2002). "El registro de Stegomastodon (Mammalia, Gomphotheriidae) en el Pleistoceno superior de Brasil". Revista Española de Paleontología 17: 217–235. https://www.academia.edu/1037851. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Guérin, Claude; Fauré, Martine; Simões, Paulo R.; Hugueney, Marguerite; Mourer Chauvire, Cécile (1999). "Toca da Janela da Barra do Antonião, São Raimundo Nonato, PI – Rica fauna pleistocênica e registro da Pré-história brasileira". SIGEP 69: 131–137. http://sigep.cprm.gov.br/sitio069/sitio069.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Lessa, Gisele; Cartelle, Cástor; Farias, Helen D.; Gonçalves, Pablo R. (1998). "Novos achados de mamíferos carnívoros do Pleistoceno Final – Holoceno em grutas calcáreas do estado da Bahia". Acta Geologica Leopoldensia 21: 157–169. https://www.academia.edu/1153459. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Guérin, Claude (1993). "La faune pléistocène de la Lagoa da Pedra à Conceição das Creoulas / Salgueiro, Pernambouc, Brésil". CLIO Série Arqueológica 9: 15–20. https://www.ufpe.br/clioarq/images/documentos/1993-N9/1993a2.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Simpson, George Gaylord; Couto, Carlos de Paula (1957). "The mastodonts of Brazil". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 112: 129–189. 
Publications Chile
  • Labarca, Rafael; Alberdi, María Teresa; Prado, José Luis; Mansilla, P.; Mourgues, F.A. (2016). "Nuevas evidencias acerca de la presencia de Stegomastodon platensis Ameghino, 1888, Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae, en el Pleistoceno tardío de Chile central". Estudios Geológicos 72: e046. doi:10.3989/egeol.42199.385. http://estudiosgeol.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgeol/article/view/941/1075. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Labarca E., Rafael; Alcaraz, M. Alejandra (2011). "Presencia de Antifer ultra Ameghino (=Antifer niemeyeri Casamiquela) (Artiodactyla, Cervidae) en el Pleistoceno tardío-Holoceno temprano de Chile central (30-35ºS)". Andean Geology 38: 156–170. doi:10.5027/andgeoV38n1-a09. http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/andgeol/v38n1/art08.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • López Mendoza, Patricio; Rojas, Osvaldo; Mansilla, Pablo; Olivares, Luis; Martínez, Ismael (2010). "Mamíferos extintos del Pleistoceno de la Cuenca de Calama (Segunda Región, Chile). Viejas colecciones y nuevos hallazgos". Treballs del Museu de Geologia de Barcelona 17: 11–25. http://tmgb.museucienciesjournals.cat/wp-content/blogs.dir/5/files/TMG-V17-pp-11-25.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Frassinetti, D.; Alberdi, María Teresa (2005). "Presencia del género Stegomastodon entre los restos fósiles de mastodontes de Chile (Gomphotheriidae), Pleistoceno Superior". Estudios Geológicos 61 (1–2): 101–107. doi:10.3989/egeol.05611-245. http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/2338/1/mastodontes.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Frassinetti, D.; Alberdi, María Teresa (2000). "Revisión y estudio de los restos fósiles de mastodontes de Chile (Gomphotheriidae): Cuvieronius hyodon, Pleistoceno superior". Estudios Geológicos 56 (3–4): 197–208. doi:10.3989/egeol.00563-4151. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26580754. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
Publications Colombia
  • Pardo Jaramillo, Mauricio (2012). "Reporte del hallazgo de un cráneo de Stegostadon (sic) waringi (Holland, 1920) juvenil (Mammalia, Proboscidea) en la zona rural del municipio de Turbaná, Bolívar, Colombia". Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 36: 203–210. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0370-39082012000200004. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Páramo Fonseca, María Euridice; Escobar Quemba, Ingrid Carolina (2010). "Restos mandibulares de mastodonte encontrados en cercanías de Cartagena, Colombia". Geología Colombiana 35: 50–57. http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/24535/1/21722-118331-1-PB.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Rodríguez Flórez, Carlos David; Rodríguez Flórez, Ernesto León; Rodríguez, Carlos Armando (2009). "Revision of Pleistocenic Gomphotheriidae Fauna in Colombia and case report in the Department of Valle Del Cauca". Scientific Bulletin (Museum Center – Natural History Museum) 13: 78–85. http://200.21.104.25/boletincientifico/downloads/Boletin13(2)_COMPLETO.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Villarroel A., Carlos S.; Clavijo, Jairo (2005). "Los Mamíferos fósiles y las edades de las sedimentitas continentales del Neógeno de la costa Caribe colombiana". Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales XXIX: 345–356. http://studylib.es/doc/8468885/los-mamíferos-fósiles-y-las-edades-de-las-sedimentitas. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Villarroel A., Carlos S.; Brieva B., Jorge; Cadena, Alberto (1996). "La Fauna de Mamíferos Fósiles del Pleistoceno de Jutua, Municipio de Soatá (Boyacá, Colombia)". Geología Colombiana 21: 81–87. http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/32086/1/31431-113911-1-PB.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Correal Urrego, Gonzalo (1990). "Evidencias culturales durante el Pleistocene y Holoceno de Colombia – Cultural evidences during the Pleistocene and Holocene of Colombia" (in es). Revista de Arqueología Americana 1: 69–89. http://peru.inka.free.fr/Runapacha/pleiscol.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Van der Hammen, Thomas (1986). "Cambios medioambientales y la extinción del mastodonte en el norte de los Andes". Revista de Antropología, Universidad de los Andes II: 27–34. 
  • Hoffstetter, Robert (1971). "Los vertebrados cenozóicos de Colombia: yacimientos, faunas, problemas planteados". pp. 37–62. http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/31246/1/30399-109998-1-PB.pdf. 
  • De Porta, Jaime (1969). "Les vertébrés fossiles de Colombie et les problèmes posés par l'isolemant du continent Sud-Américain". Palaeovertebrata 2 (2): 77–94. doi:10.18563/pv.2.2.77-94. http://docplayer.fr/27698698-Les-vertebres-fossiles-de-colombie-et-les-problemes-poses-par-l-isolement-du-continent-sud-americain.html. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • De Porta, Jaime (1961). "La posición estratigráfica de la fauna de Mamíferos del pleistoceno de la Sabana de Bogotá". Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 7: 37–54. http://revistas.uis.edu.co/index.php/revistaboletindegeologia/article/viewFile/4260/4556. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Bürgl, Hans (1956). "Restos de Megatherium y otros fósiles de Quipile, Cundinamarca". http://catalogo.sgc.gov.co/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=10457. 
Publications Ecuador
  • Lindsey, Emily L.; López R, Eric X. (2015). "Tanque Loma, a new late-Pleistocene megafaunal tar seep locality from southwest Ecuador". Journal of South American Earth Sciences 57: 61–82. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.11.003. Bibcode: 2015JSAES..57...61L. http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/Lindsey and Lopez 2015.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Ferretti, Marco P (2010). "Anatomy of Haplomastodon chimborazi (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the late Pleistocene of Ecuador and its bearing on the phylogeny and systematics of South American gomphotheres". Geodiversitas 32 (4): 663–721. doi:10.5252/g2010n4a3. http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/g2010n4a3.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Carrión, José Luis Ramón. "La Paleontología en el Ecuador; Historia y perspectivas". http://bibdigital.epn.edu.ec/bitstream/15000/3849/1/icbio_paleontologia_ecuador.pdf. 
  • G. Cantalamessa; C. Di Celma; G. Bianucci; G. Carnevale; M. Coltorti; M. Delfino; G. Ficcarelli; M. Moreno Espinosa et al. (2001). "A new vertebrate fossiliferous site from the Late Quaternary at San José on the north coast of Ecuador: preliminary note". Journal of South American Earth Sciences 14 (3): 331–334. doi:10.1016/S0895-9811(01)00027-X. Bibcode: 2001JSAES..14..331C. 
  • Hoffstetter, Robert (1952). "Les mammifères pleistocènes de la République de l'Équateur". Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France 66. https://eurekamag.com/research/024/945/024945356.php. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
Publications Paraguay
  • Ríos Díaz, Sergio D.; Luna, Carlos A.; Souberlich, Ricardo; Aguilera, Paula; Gadea de Campos Cevera, Ana M.; Godoy Araña, Ana (2014). "Mamíferos del Cuaternario de Puerto Santa Rosa, Departamento de San Pedro, Paraguay". Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay 18: 67–76. http://www.faunaparaguay.com/Bol18rios.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Báez Presser, Jaime Leonardo; Buongermini, Emilio; Fillipi Amábile, Víctor Orlando; Fernández Crossas, Víctor; Báez Almadas, Adolfo Benicio; Zarza Limas, Pedro Ramón; Oporto Migone, Orlando (2004). "Algunos antecedentes paleontológicos del Paraguay". Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay 15: 95–110. http://www.geologiadelparaguay.com/Antecedentes Paleontologicos del Paraguay.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Hoffstetter, Robert (1978). "Une faune de Mammifères pleistocènes au Paraguay". Compte Rendu Sommaire des Séances de la Société Géologique de France 1: 32–33. http://www.geologiadelparaguay.com/Hoffstetter.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
Publications Peru
  • Pujos, François; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo (2004a). "A systematic reassessment and paleogeographic review of fossil Xenarthra from Peru". Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Études Andines 33 (2): 331–377. doi:10.4000/bifea.5746. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26431588. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Pujos, François; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo (2004b). "A new species of Megatherium (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Megatheriidae) from the Pleistocene of Sacaco and Tres Ventanas, Peru". Palaeontology 47 (3): 579–604. doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00376.x. Bibcode: 2004Palgy..47..579P. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40661194. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Alberdi, María Teresa; Prado, José Luis; Salas, Rodolfo (2004). "The Pleistocene Gomphotheriidae (Proboscidea) from Peru". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 231 (3): 423–452. doi:10.1127/njgpa/231/2004/423. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279543665. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
Publications Uruguay
  • Alvarenga, Herculano; Jones, Washington William; Rinderknecht, Andrés (2010). "The youngest record of phorusrhacid birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) from the late Pleistocene of Uruguay". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 256 (2): 229–234. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0052. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233512584. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Alberdi, María Teresa; Prado, José Luis; Perea, Daniel; Ubilla, Martín (2007). "Stegomastodon waringi (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Late Pleistocene of northeastern Uruguay". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 243 (2): 179–189. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0243-0179. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233709766. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Gutiérrez, Mercedes; Prado, José Luis; Perea, Daniel; Ubilla, Martín (2005). "Late Pleistocene Stegomastodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Uruguay". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 2005 (11): 641–662. doi:10.1127/njgpm/2005/2005/641. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285935178. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
Publications Venezuela
  • Morón, Camilo (2015). "Panorama geológico, paleontológico, arqueológico, histórico y mitológico del estado Falcón". Boletín Antropológico, Universidad de los Andes 33: 104–126. http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/712/71241008006.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Carrillo B., Jorge; Chávez A., Edwin; Alfonzo H, Imerú (2008). "Notas preliminares sobre los Mastodontes Gonfoterios (Mammalia: Proboscidea) del cuaternario venezolano". Boletín Antropológico, Universidad de los Andes 26: 233–263. http://www.saber.ula.ve/bitstream/123456789/30824/1/articulo2.pdf. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Bryan, Alan L.; Casamiquela, Rodolfo M.; Cruxent, José M.; Gruhn, Ruth; Ochsenius, Claudio (1978). "An El Jobo Mastodon Kill at Taima-taima, Venezuela". Science 200 (4347): 1275–1277. doi:10.1126/science.200.4347.1275. PMID 17738722. Bibcode: 1978Sci...200.1275B. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/200/4347/1275/tab-article-info. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
Publications proposed reclassification
  • Mothé, Dimila; dos Santos Avilla, Leonardo; Asevedo, Lidiane; Borges-Silva, Leon; Rosas, Mariane; Labarca-Encina, Rafael; Souberlich, Ricardo; Soibelzon, Esteban et al. (2016a). "Sixty years after 'The mastodonts of Brazil': The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae)". Quaternary International 443: 52–64. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.028. Bibcode: 2017QuInt.443...52M. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308794161. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Mothé, Dimila; Ferretti, Marco P.; Avilla, Leonardo S. (2016b). "The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha". PLoS ONE 11 (1): e0147009. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147009. PMID 26756209. Bibcode: 2016PLoSO..1147009M. 
  • Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo S. (2015). "Mythbusting evolutionary issues on South American Gomphotheriidae (Mammalia: Proboscidea)". Quaternary Science Reviews 110: 23–35. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.12.013. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270913111. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo S.; Cozzuol, Mário; Winck, Gisele R. (2012). "Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South American lowlands". Quaternary International 276-277: 2–7. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.018. Bibcode: 2012QuInt.276....2M. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251636493. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Lucas, Spencer G (2013). "The palaeobiogeography of South American gomphotheres". Journal of Palaeogeography 2: 19–40. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095383615301292. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 
  • Lucas, Spencer G (2008). "Taxonomic nomenclature of Cuvieronius and Haplomastodon, proboscideans from the Plio-Pleistocene of the New World". Neogene Mammals – New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 44: 409–415. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281863518. Retrieved 2017-05-07. 



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