Outline Of Computer Programming

Short description: Overview of and topical guide to computer programming

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to computer programming:

Computer programming – process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to executable computer programs. Programming involves activities such as analysis, developing understanding, generating algorithms, verification of requirements of algorithms including their correctness and resources consumption, and implementation (commonly referred to as coding^[1]^[2]) of algorithms in a target programming language. Source code is written in one or more programming languages. The purpose of programming is to find a sequence of instructions that will automate performing a specific task or solving a given problem.

History

History of computer science
History of computing hardware
- History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
History of programming languages
- Timeline of programming languages
Computer programming in the punched card era
Operating systems timeline

Platforms

Computer
Computer hardware
- Analog computer
  - Analytical Engine
- Digital computer
  - Vacuum-tube computer
    - List of vacuum-tube computers
  - Transistor computer
    - List of transistorized computers
  - Mainframe
  - Minicomputer
  - Microcomputer
    - Home computers
    - IBM PC compatible
    - Personal computer
      - Desktop computer
      - Laptop computer
  - Mobile computer
    - Personal digital assistant (PDA)
    - Smartphone
    - Tablet computer
    - Wearable computer
  - Server
  - Supercomputer
Virtual machine
- Hardware virtualization
- Runtime system

Paradigms

Agent-oriented
Aspect-oriented
Automata-based
Data-driven
Declarative (as opposed to imperative programming)
- Constraint
  - Constraint logic
    - Concurrent constraint logic
- Dataflow
  - Flow-based (FBP)
  - Reactive
- Functional
  - Functional logic
  - Purely functional
- Logic
  - Abductive logic
  - Answer set
  - Concurrent logic
  - Functional logic
  - Inductive logic
Event-driven
- Time-driven
Expression-oriented
Feature-oriented
Function-level (as opposed to value-level programming)
Generic
Imperative (as opposed to declarative programming)
- Literate
- Procedural
Inductive programming
Language-oriented (LOP)
- Natural language programming
- Intentional
Non-structured (as opposed to Structured)
- Array
Nondeterministic
Process-oriented
Role-oriented
Semantic-oriented (SOP)
Structured (as opposed to non-structured programming)
- Block-structured
- Modular
  - Concurrent computing
    - Relativistic programming
- Object-oriented (OOP)
  - Class-based
  - Concurrent OOP
  - Prototype-based
  - Subject-oriented
Tacit
Value-level (as opposed to function-level programming)
Probabilistic
Concept

Writing programs

Pseudocode

Methodology

Array programming
End-user development
Metaprogramming
- Automatic programming
- Reflection
  - Attribute-oriented programming (AOP)
- Homoiconicity
- Template metaprogramming
  - Policy-based design
- Service-oriented architecture
  - Service-oriented modeling
Recursion
Separation of concerns
Threaded coding

Algorithms

List of algorithms
List of algorithm general topics
Algorithm characterizations
- Introduction to Algorithms
Theory of computation
- Computational complexity theory
  - Analysis of algorithms
    - Empirical algorithmics
    - Big O notation
    - Algorithmic efficiency
- Algorithmic information theory
  - Algorithmic probability
  - Algorithmically random sequence
Search algorithm
Sorting algorithm
Merge algorithm
String algorithms
Greedy algorithm
Reduction
Sequential algorithm
Parallel algorithm
- Distributed algorithm
Deterministic algorithm
Randomized algorithm
Quantum algorithm

Programming languages

Programming language – formal constructed language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms.

Generational list of programming languages
List of programming languages by type
Alphabetical list of programming languages
- Compiled language
- Interpreted language
  - Scripting language
Comparison of programming languages
Programming language dialect
Programming language theory
- Formal semantics of programming languages
Assembly language
Macro

Types of programming languages

Array programming language
Aspect-oriented programming language
Class-based programming language
Concatenative programming language
Concurrent programming language
Dataflow programming language
Declarative programming language
Domain-specific language
Dynamic programming language
Esoteric programming language
Event-driven programming language
Extensible programming language
Functional programming language
High-level programming language
Imperative programming language
Interpreted language
Logic programming language
Low-level programming language
Machine programming language
Metaprogramming programming language
Multi-paradigm programming language
Non-English-based programming language
Object-based language
Object-oriented programming language
Off-side rule programming language
Pipeline programming language
Procedural programming language
Prototype-based programming language
Reflective programming language
Rule-based programming language
Synchronous programming language
Very high-level programming language
Visual programming language

Popular languages

The top 20 most popular programming languages (As of December 2022):^[3]

Python
C
C++
Java
C#
Visual Basic .NET
JavaScript
SQL
Assembly language
PHP
R
Go
Classic Visual Basic
MATLAB
Swift
Delphi/Object Pascal
Ruby
Perl
Objective-C
Rust

Anatomy of a programming language

Syntax
- Lexical grammar
- Semicolons
Values
Types
Operators
Program structures
- Variables
- Expressions
- Statements
- Keywords and reserved words
- Control structures
  - Subroutines (also known as functions)
    - Anonymous functions
  - Loops
    - For loops
    - While loops
  - Conditionals
    - If-then
    - If-then-else
    - Case and switch statements
Control flow
Data structures
- Objects
- Arrays
Regular expressions

Comparisons of programming languages

Programming language comparisons

General comparison
Basic syntax
Basic instructions
Exception handling
Enumerated types
Anonymous functions
Conditional expressions
Functional instructions
Arrays
Associative arrays
String operations
String functions
List comprehension
Object-oriented programming
Object-oriented constructors
While loops
For loops
Evaluation strategy
List of "Hello World" programs
Languages with dependent types
Comparison of type systems

Comparisons of individual languages

Java and .NET platforms
ALGOL 58's influence on ALGOL 60
ALGOL 60: Comparisons with other languages
Comparison of ALGOL 68 and C++
ALGOL 68: Comparisons with other languages
Compatibility of C and C++
Comparison of Pascal and Borland Delphi
Comparison of Object Pascal and C
Comparison of Pascal and C
Comparison of Java and C++
Comparison of C# and Java
Comparison of C# and Visual Basic .NET
Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET

Compilation

Programmer
Source code
- Parsing
Compilation
- Preprocessing
- Translation
  - Assembly
- Linking
- Compiler optimization
- Compilation error

Software

Computer program
- Hello world (a common form of example program for learning programmers)
Application software
- Software suite
- Database management system
Programming software
- Programming tool
  - Text editor
    - Source code editor
      - Integrated development environment (IDE)
  - Assembler
  - Compiler
  - Interpreter
  - Linker
  - Debugger
System software

Components

Instruction
Library
Application programming interface (API)

Software development

Software development
- Software development process
  - Debugging
    - Human error
- Software development methodology
  - Agile software development
  - Extreme programming

Software engineering

Software engineering –

Implementation
Execution
Software architecture
Software reliability
Software quality
Software testing
Software maintenance
Software optimization
Software brittleness

References

↑ Shaun Bebbington (2014). "What is coding". http://yearofcodes.tumblr.com/what-is-coding.
↑ Shaun Bebbington (2014). "What is programming". http://yearofcodes.tumblr.com/what-is-programming.
↑ "index | TIOBE - The Software Quality Company". https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/.

External links

How to Think Like a Computer Scientist - by Jeffrey Elkner, Allen B. Downey and Chris Meyers

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline of computer programming. Read more

[1] Shaun Bebbington (2014). "What is coding". http://yearofcodes.tumblr.com/what-is-coding.

[2] Shaun Bebbington (2014). "What is programming". http://yearofcodes.tumblr.com/what-is-programming.

[3] "index | TIOBE - The Software Quality Company". https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/.