Plumbane

Plumbane
	; Lead, Pb Hydrogen, H
Names
	IUPAC name Plumbane
	Other names lead tetrahydride, tetrahydridolead, lead(IV) hydride, hydrogen plumbide
Identifiers
CAS Number	15875-18-0 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:30181 ;
ChemSpider	109888 ;
PubChem CID	123278;
	InChI InChI=1S/Pb.4H Key: XRCKXJLUPOKIPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/Pb.4H/rH4Pb/h1H4 Key: XRCKXJLUPOKIPF-BJORFFIVAF;
	SMILES [Pb];
Properties
Chemical formula	PbH4
Molar mass	211.23 g/mol
Appearance	Colorless gas
Boiling point	−13 °C (9 °F; 260 K)
Structure
Molecular shape	Tetrahedral at the Pb atom
Related compounds
Related tetrahydride compounds	Methane; Silane; Germane; Stannane;
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
	verify (what is ?)
	Infobox references

Plumbane is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula PbH₄. It is a colorless gas. It is a metal hydride and group 14 hydride composed of lead and hydrogen.^[1] Plumbane is not well characterized or well known, and it is thermodynamically unstable with respect to the loss of a hydrogen atom.^[2] Derivatives of plumbane include lead tetrafluoride, PbF₄, and tetraethyllead, (CH₃CH₂)₄Pb.

History

Until recently, it was uncertain whether plumbane had ever actually been synthesized,^[3] although the first reports date back to the 1920s^[4] and in 1963, Saalfeld and Svec reported the observation of PbH+4 by mass spectrometry.^[5] Plumbane has repeatedly been the subject of Dirac–Hartree–Fock relativistic calculation studies, which investigate the stabilities, geometries, and relative energies of hydrides of the formula MH₄ or MH₂.^[2]^[6]^[7]

Properties

Plumbane is an unstable colorless gas and is the heaviest group IV hydride.^[8] Furthermore, plumbane has a tetrahedral (T_d) structure with an equilibrium distance between lead and hydrogen of 1.73 Å.^[9] By weight percent, the composition of plumbane is 1.91% hydrogen and 98.09% lead. In plumbane, the formal oxidation states of hydrogen and lead are +1 and -4, respectively, because the electronegativity of lead(IV) is higher than that of hydrogen. The stability of metal hydrides with the formula MH₄ (M = C–Pb) decreases as the atomic number of M increases.

Preparation

Early studies of PbH₄ revealed that the molecule is unstable as compared to its lighter congeners (silane, germane, and stannane).^[10] It cannot be made by methods used to synthesize GeH₄ or SnH₄.

In 1999, plumbane was synthesized from lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO₃)₂, and sodium borohydride, NaBH₄.^[11] A non-nascent mechanism for plumbane synthesis was reported in 2005.^[12]

In 2003, Wang and Andrews carefully studied the preparation of PbH₄ by laser ablation and additionally identified the infrared (IR) bands.^[13]

Congeners

Congeners of plumbane include:

Methane, CH₄
Silane, SiH₄
Germane, GeH₄
Stannane, SnH₄

References

↑ Porritt, C. J. (1975). Chem. Ind-London 9: 398.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Hein, Thomas A.; Thiel, Walter; Lee, Timothy J. (1993). "Ab initio study of the stability and vibrational spectra of plumbane, methylplumbane, and homologous compounds". The Journal of Physical Chemistry 97 (17): 4381–4385. doi:10.1021/j100119a021.
↑ Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G.; Murillo, C. A.; Bochman, M. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Wiley: New York, 1999
↑ Paneth, Fritz; Nörring, Otto (1920). "Über Bleiwasserstoff". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series) 53 (9): 1693–1710. doi:10.1002/cber.19200530915. https://zenodo.org/record/1426681.
↑ Saalfeld, Fred E.; Svec, Harry J. (1963). "The Mass Spectra of Volatile Hydrides. I. The Monoelemental Hydrides of the Group IVB and VB Elements". Inorganic Chemistry 2: 46–50. doi:10.1021/ic50005a014.
↑ Desclaux, J. P.; Pyykko, P. (1974). "Relativistic and non-relativistic Hartree-Fock one-centre expansion calculations for the series CH₄ to PbH₄ within the spherical approximation". Chemical Physics Letters 29 (4): 534–539. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(74)85085-2. Bibcode: 1974CPL....29..534D.
↑ Pyykkö, P.; Desclaux, J. P. (1977). "Dirac–Fock one-centre calculations show (114)H₄ to resemble PbH₄". Nature 266 (5600): 336–337. doi:10.1038/266336a0. Bibcode: 1977Natur.266..336P.
↑ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics Online Edition.
↑ Visser, O.; Visscher, L.; Aerts, P. J. C.; Nieuwpoort, W. C. (1992). "Relativistic all-electron molecular Hartree-Fock-Dirac-(Breit) calculations on CH₄, SiH₄, GeH₄, SnH₄, PbH₄". Theoretica Chimica Acta 81 (6): 405–416. doi:10.1007/BF01134864.
↑ Malli, Gulzari L.; Siegert, Martin; Turner, David P. (2004). "Relativistic and electron correlation effects for molecules of heavy elements: Ab initio fully relativistic coupled-cluster calculations for PbH₄". International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 99 (6): 940–949. doi:10.1002/qua.20142.
↑ Krivtsun, V. M.; Kuritsyn, Y. A.; Snegirev, E. P. (1999). "Observation of IR absorption spectra of the unstable PbH₄ molecule". Opt. Spectrosc 86 (5): 686–691. Bibcode: 1999OptSp..86..686K. http://www.isan.troitsk.ru/dms/tdl/publ/1999os_en.pdf. Retrieved 2012-12-31.
↑ Zou, Y; Jin, FX; Chen, ZJ; Qiu, DR; Yang, PY (2005). "Non-nascent hydrogen mechanism of plumbane generation". Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi = Guang Pu 25 (10): 1720–3. PMID 16395924.
↑ Wang, Xuefeng; Andrews, Lester (2003). "Infrared Spectra of Group 14 Hydrides in Solid Hydrogen: Experimental Observation of PbH₄, Pb₂H₂, and Pb₂H₄". Journal of the American Chemical Society 125 (21): 6581–6587. doi:10.1021/ja029862l. PMID 12785799.

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[1] Porritt, C. J. (1975). Chem. Ind-London 9: 398.

[Hein-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Hein, Thomas A.; Thiel, Walter; Lee, Timothy J. (1993). "Ab initio study of the stability and vibrational spectra of plumbane, methylplumbane, and homologous compounds". The Journal of Physical Chemistry 97 (17): 4381–4385. doi:10.1021/j100119a021.

[3] Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G.; Murillo, C. A.; Bochman, M. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Wiley: New York, 1999

[4] Paneth, Fritz; Nörring, Otto (1920). "Über Bleiwasserstoff". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series) 53 (9): 1693–1710. doi:10.1002/cber.19200530915. https://zenodo.org/record/1426681.

[Saalfeld-5] Saalfeld, Fred E.; Svec, Harry J. (1963). "The Mass Spectra of Volatile Hydrides. I. The Monoelemental Hydrides of the Group IVB and VB Elements". Inorganic Chemistry 2: 46–50. doi:10.1021/ic50005a014.

[6] Desclaux, J. P.; Pyykko, P. (1974). "Relativistic and non-relativistic Hartree-Fock one-centre expansion calculations for the series CH₄ to PbH₄ within the spherical approximation". Chemical Physics Letters 29 (4): 534–539. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(74)85085-2. Bibcode: 1974CPL....29..534D.

[7] Pyykkö, P.; Desclaux, J. P. (1977). "Dirac–Fock one-centre calculations show (114)H₄ to resemble PbH₄". Nature 266 (5600): 336–337. doi:10.1038/266336a0. Bibcode: 1977Natur.266..336P.

[8] CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics Online Edition.

[9] Visser, O.; Visscher, L.; Aerts, P. J. C.; Nieuwpoort, W. C. (1992). "Relativistic all-electron molecular Hartree-Fock-Dirac-(Breit) calculations on CH₄, SiH₄, GeH₄, SnH₄, PbH₄". Theoretica Chimica Acta 81 (6): 405–416. doi:10.1007/BF01134864.

[10] Malli, Gulzari L.; Siegert, Martin; Turner, David P. (2004). "Relativistic and electron correlation effects for molecules of heavy elements: Ab initio fully relativistic coupled-cluster calculations for PbH₄". International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 99 (6): 940–949. doi:10.1002/qua.20142.

[11] Krivtsun, V. M.; Kuritsyn, Y. A.; Snegirev, E. P. (1999). "Observation of IR absorption spectra of the unstable PbH₄ molecule". Opt. Spectrosc 86 (5): 686–691. Bibcode: 1999OptSp..86..686K. http://www.isan.troitsk.ru/dms/tdl/publ/1999os_en.pdf. Retrieved 2012-12-31.

[12] Zou, Y; Jin, FX; Chen, ZJ; Qiu, DR; Yang, PY (2005). "Non-nascent hydrogen mechanism of plumbane generation". Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi = Guang Pu 25 (10): 1720–3. PMID 16395924.

[13] Wang, Xuefeng; Andrews, Lester (2003). "Infrared Spectra of Group 14 Hydrides in Solid Hydrogen: Experimental Observation of PbH₄, Pb₂H₂, and Pb₂H₄". Journal of the American Chemical Society 125 (21): 6581–6587. doi:10.1021/ja029862l. PMID 12785799.

v t e Lead compounds
Pb(II)	PbBr₂ Pb(C₅H₅)₂ Pb(C₂H₃O₂)₂ PbCl₂ PbCO₃ PbCrO₄ PbF₂ PbHAsO₄ PbI₂ Pb(NO₃)₂ Pb(N₃)₂ PbO Pb(OH)₂ Pb₃(PO₄)₂ PbS Pb(SCN)₂ PbSe PbSO₄ PbTe PbTiO₃ plumbite PbC₂ (hypothetical)
Pb(II,IV)	Pb₃O₄
Pb(IV)	Pb(C₂H₃O₂)₄ PbCl₄ PbF₄ PbH₄ PbO₂ PbS₂ plumbate Pb(OH)₄ (hypothetical)

Names

Lead, Pb Hydrogen, H
IUPAC name Plumbane
Other names lead tetrahydride, tetrahydridolead, lead(IV) hydride, hydrogen plumbide
Identifiers
CAS Number	15875-18-0^N
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChEBI	CHEBI:30181^Y
ChemSpider	109888^Y
PubChem CID	123278
InChI InChI=1S/Pb.4H^Y Key: XRCKXJLUPOKIPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N^Y InChI=1/Pb.4H/rH4Pb/h1H4 Key: XRCKXJLUPOKIPF-BJORFFIVAF
SMILES [Pb]
Properties
Chemical formula	PbH₄
Molar mass	211.23 g/mol
Appearance	Colorless gas
Boiling point	−13 °C (9 °F; 260 K)
Structure
Molecular shape	Tetrahedral at the Pb atom
Related compounds
Related tetrahydride compounds	Methane Silane Germane Stannane
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is ^YN ?)
Infobox references