Statistics:

By: Joseph Jacobs

As referring to Jews, statistics deal mainly with populations, their ages and distribution, Migration , Morbidity , Mortality , Occupations , Criminality , Births , and Marriages . Most of these topics have already been treated in articles in The Jewish Encyclopedia ; it remains to deal here only with the Jewish population as a whole and its distribution.

Ancient Times.

The Pentateuch contains a number of statements as to the number of Jews that left Egypt, the descendants of the seventy sons and grandsons of Jacob who took up their residence in that country. Altogether, including Levites, there were 611,730 males over twenty years of age, and therefore capable of bearing arms; this would imply a population of about 3,154,000. The Census of David is said to have recorded 1,300,000 males over twenty years of age, which would imply a population of over 5,000,000. The number of exiles who returned from Babylon is given at 42,360. Tacitus declares that Jerusalem at its fall contained 600,000 persons; Josephus, that there were as many as 1,100,000, of whom 97,000 were sold as slaves. It is from the latter that most European Jews are descended. These appear to be all the figures accessible for ancient times, and their trustworthiness is a matter of dispute. The difficulties of commissariat in the Sinaitic desert for such a number as 3,000,000 have been pointed out by Colenso; and the impossibility of the area of Jerusalem containing much more than 80,000 persons with any comfort has been referred to as proving the exaggeration of the figures of Josephus and Tacitus.

In the Hadrianic war 580,000 Jews were slain, according to Dion Cassius (lxix. 14). According to Mommsen, in the first century C.E. there were no less than 1,000,000 Jews in Egypt, in a total of 8,000,000inhabitants; of these 200,000 lived in Alexandria, whose total population was 500,000. Harnack ("Ausbreitung des Christentums," Leipsic, 1902) reckons that there were 1,000,000 Jews in Syria at the time of Nero, and 700,000 in Palestine, and he allows for an additional 1,500,000 in other places, thus estimating that there were in the first century 4,200,000 Jews in the world. This estimate is probably excessive.

As regards the number of Jews in the Middle Ages, Benjamin of Tudela, about 1170, enumerates altogether 1,049,565; but of these 100,000 are attributed to Persia and India, 100,000 to Arabia, and 300,000 to Thanaim (?), obviously mere guesses with regard to the Eastern Jews, with whom he did not come in contact. There were at that time probably not many more than 500,000 in the countries he visited, and probably not more than 750,000 altogether. The only real data for the Middle Ages are with regard to special Jewish communities, of which the following is a list, mainly derived from I. Loeb ("R. E. J." vol. xiv.):

Jewish Populations of Medieval Cities .

[Where authors' names only are given, the works referred to are Cassel, s.v. "Juden"; Benjamin of Tudela, "Itinerary," ed. Asher; Weyden, "Gesh. der Juden zu Cöln," Cologne, 1867; Bücher, "Bevölkerungen von Frankfort," Tübingen, 1886; Usque, "Consolacão"; Ziemlich, "Machsor Nürnberg," Berlin, 1886; Stern, "Analecten zur Gesch. der Juden."]

City.	Date.	Population.		Source.
Aix	1341	(203	families)	"R. E. J." xiv. 170.
		1,207
Amalfi	1170	20		Benjamin of Tudela.
Amsterdam	1620	(400	families)	Grätz, "Gesch." ix. 503.
"	1671	(4,000	" )	Grätz, "Gesch." x. 257.
Arles	1170	200		Benjamin of Tudela.
Ascoli	1170	40		"	"
Austerlitz	1523	445		Jew. Encyc.
		(34	houses)
Avignon	1358	(210	families)	De Maulde.
Barcelona	1391	900	(?)	"R. E. J." xiv. 170.
Benevento	1170	200		Benjamin of Tudela.
Blois	1171	40		Joseph Cohen, "'Emeḳ ha-Baka."
Bourg St. Gilles.	1170	100		Benjamin of Tudela.
Brindisi	1170	10		"	"
Capua	1170	300		"	"
Carpentras.	1277-1600	(12-119 families)		"R. E. J." xii. 190.
"	1742	(168	families)	"	"	"
		752
Castellon de la Plana	1450	(31	families)	Loeb, l.c.
Castrogiovanni.	1400	(80	" )	Zunz, "Z. G."
Ceuta	1785	381		Cassel, p. 155b.
"	1840	150		"	"	"
Cologne	1348	(58	nouses)	Weyden.
Dyon	1384	52		Cassel, p. 111b.
Estella	1366	(89	families)	Kayserling, "Die Juden in Navarra," p. 45.
Falces	1366	(18	families)	Kayserling, l.c.
Ferrara	1601	1,530		Cassel, p. 155b.
"	1785	1,066		"	"	"
"	1840	1,800		"	"	"
Frankfort-on-the-Main.	1241	200	(? families)	Bücher.
Genoa	1170	2		Benjamin of Tudela.
Granada	1688	(1,500	houses)	Usque.
Hamburg	1612	(230	adults)	Grätz, l.c. x. 18.
Lucca	1170	40		Benjamin of Tudela.
Lugo	1785	600		Cassel, p. 155b.
Lunel	1170 (?)	300	(? families)	Benjamin of Tudela.
Manresa	1294	(45	families)	Loeb, l.c.
Marseilles	1170	300		"	"
Melfi	1170	200	(? families)	Benjamin of Tudela.
Messina	1170	200		Zunz, "Z. G."; Benjamin of Tudela.
"	1543	(180	families)
Metz	1657	(96	" )	Cassel, p. 113a.
Naples	1170	500		Benjamin of Tudela.
Nuremberg.	1338	(212	adults)	Ziemlich; Loeb, in "R. E. J." xiv. 170-M 173.
Otranto	1170	500		Benjamin of Tudela.
Palermo	1170	1,500		"	"
"	1490	(850	families)	Grätz, "Gesch." viii.
				260.
Palma	1391	1,540	(?)	"R. E. J." xiv. 171.
Paris	1296-97	(82	families)	"	i. 63.
Perpignan	1413-14	(180	" )	"	xiv. 65.
Peralta	1366	(10	" )	Kayserling, l.c.
Pisa	1170	2		Benjamin of Tudela.
Posquières	1170	40	(400 ?)	"	"
Rome	1170	200		"	"
"	1550	3,000		Cassel, p. 155a.
Salerno	1170	600		Benjamin of Tudela.
San Marco	1492	350		Zunz, "Z. G."
Sanguesa	1366	(25	families)	Kayserling, l.c.
Strasburg	1349	2,000		Loeb, l.c.
"	1369	(6	families; killed)	Cassel, p. 113a.
"	1383	(15	families; killed)	"	"	"
Tafalla	1366	(10	families)	Kayserling, l.c.
Talavera de la Reyna.	1477	(168	" )	Loeb, l.c.
Tarento	1170	200		Benjamin of Tudela.
Trani	1170	200		"	"
Trapani	1439	200		Zunz, "Z. G."
Trevoux	1429	(15	families)	"R. E. J." x. 35.
Tudela	1366	(270	" )	Rios, "Hist." ii. 285.
"	1386	(200	" )	Loeb, l.c.
Venice	1152	1,300		Cassel, p. 158b.
"	1170	1,300		Benjamin of Tudela.
"	1500	933		Cassel, p. 159a.
Worms	1096	434		Stern.
"	1438	400		Grätz, l.c. vii. 371.

The Middle Ages were mainly a period of expulsions. In 1290, 16,000 Jews were expelled from England; in 1396, 100,000 from France; and in 1492, about 200,000 from Spain. Smaller but more frequent expulsions occurred in Germany, so that at the commencement of the sixteenth century only four great Jewish communities remained: Frankfort-on-the-Main, 2,000; Worms, 1,400; Prague, 10,000; and Vienna, 3,000 (Grätz, "Gesch." x. 29). It has been estimated that during the five centuries from 1000 to 1500, 380,000 Jews were killed during the persecutions, reducing the total number in the world to about 1,000,000. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the main centers of Jewish population were in Poland and the Mediterranean countries, Spain excepted.

According to the estimate of Basnage, at the beginning of the eighteenth century the total number of European Jews was 1,360,000, and the Jews of the kingdom of Poland (including Lithuania), according to a census at the first division in 1772, numbered 308,500. As these formed the larger part of the European Jews, it is doubtful whether the total number was more than 400,000 at the middle of the eighteenth century; and, counting those in the lands of Islam, the entire number in the world at that time could not have been much more than 1,000,000.

But since then the increase has been remarkably rapid. It was checked in Germany by the laws limiting the number of Jews in special towns, and perhaps still more by overcrowding, regarding which a few details may be given:

Place.	Date.	Jews.	Houses.	Average.	Authority.
Prague	1786	7,951	266	29.3	Ficker, "Bevolk. Böhmen," p. 55.
Frankfort.	1811	2,214	159	13.9	"The Times" (London), Aug. 8, 1884.
Prague	1843	5,646	279	20.3	Ficker, l.c.

Tchubinsky reports that in 1840 the Jews of southern Russia were accustomed to dwell thirteen in a house, whereas among the general population the average was only four to five ("Globus," 1880, p. 340). The rapid increase has undoubtedly been due to the early age of marriage and the small number of deaths of infants in the stable communities ( see Generation, Length of ). The chief details known for any length of time are for Holland, Hungary, Poland, and Württemberg:

Holland.
Date.		Population.
	1829	46,408
	1839	52,245
	1849	58,626
	1859	63,790
	1869	68,003
	1879	81,693
Hungary.
	1720	12,656
	1785	75,089
	1786	77,647
	1804	124,128
	1805	127,816
	1829	202,328
	1842	241,632
	1850	352,400
	1857	413,118
	1869	516,658
	1880	624,737
	1890	725,222
Poland.
*	16th century	† 200,000
*	1659	100,000
*	1764	315,298
	1816	212,000
	1825	341,125
	1826	368,773
	1828	384,263
	1856	563,000
	1868	764,947
	1875	860,327
	1882	1,045,000
	1893	1,229,000
	1897	1,333,000
Württemberg.
	1832	10,670
	1846	12,356
	1858	11,088
	1864	11,610
	1871	12,245
	1880	13,331
	1890	12,639
	1900	11,916
* From Reclus, "Nouvelle Géographie," v. 397.
† Of these, 16,580 paid taxes.

There is also a certain amount of evidence as to the Jewish increase in proportion to that of adherents of other creeds. The following table is taken from Haushofer, "Lehrbuch," p. 510, and from Oettingen, "Moralstatistik."

Country.		Years.	Catholic.	Protestant.	Jews.
Austria		1851-57	8.20	5.40	19.60
"		......	0.76	0.76	3.35
"	Western	1861-70	2.86	2.86	3.08
Baden		1846-64	1.50	5.00	3.60
"		1857-63	0.85	1.06	1.04
Bavaria		1852-64	4.50	4.50	4.20
France		1861-66	0.36	1.10	2.27
Hanover		1852-64	3.30	5.00	8.60
Netherlands		1849-59	1.20	1.60	0.30
Prussia		1831-49	0.85	0.94	1.26
"		1852-64	11.40	11.10	12.90
Saxony		1854-64	27.10	15.30	68.10
Switzerland		1850-60	5.30	4.20	34.00
Württemberg		1846-64	0.20	0.40	3.40

But the figures of increase are often very deceptive, as they may indicate, not the natural increase by surplus of births over deaths, but accession by immigration. This applies especially to Germany during the early part of the nineteenth century, when Jews from Galicia and Poland seized every opportunity of moving westward. On the other hand, Ruppin has shown that within recent years, when forcible measures have been taken to prevent Russian Jews from settling in Germany, the growth of the Jewish population there has almost entirely ceased, owing to the falling off in the number of births, and, possibly, to emigration. The increase of the Jews of England and the United States during the last quarter of a century has, however, been exceptional, owing to extensive immigration.

There is only one further point to be considered in connection with the increase of Jewish population, and that is the losses by conversion which have occurred during the nineteenth century and which are still occurring in the lands where the Jews are persecuted. Leroy ("Judentaufen," im 19. Jahrhundert: Ein Statistischer Versuch," in "Nathanael," iii. and iv., Berlin, 1899) has made the following estimate for the nineteenth century:

		Became Protestant.	Became Roman Catholic.	Became Greek Catholic.	Total Loss.
Bavaria		330	5,000	......	22,520
Prussia		13,128
Saxony		770
Württemberg		115
Others parts of Germany		3,177
Denmark		100	......	......	100
France		600	1,800	......	2,400
Great Britain		28,830	......	......	28,830
Holland		1,800	......	......	1,800
Norway and Sweden		500	......	......	500
Switzerland		100	......	......	100
Austria		6,300	28,200	200	44,756
Hungary		2,056	8,000
Italy		......	300	......	300
Rumania		......	......	1,500	1,500
Russia		3,136	1,000	69,400	84,536
Turkey		......	......	3,300	3,300
Other parts of the Balkan Peninsula.		......	......	100	100
Asia and Africa		100	500	......	600
Australia		200	......	......	200
North America		11,500	1,500	......	13,000
	Totals	72,742	57,300	74,500	204,542

This would give an average of only 2,000 per annum throughout the century, but the number has largely increased of recent years. A rough estimate made ten years ago placed the number of conversions at about 3,000 per annum—1,000 in Austria-Hungary, 1,000 in Russia, 500 in Germany, and the remainder in the Anglo-Saxon world. A slight reduction, about 500 a year, must be made in the figures regarding the total losses, because of the converts to Judaism, such conversions resulting mainly through the marriage of Christian women to Jews.

The difficulty of ascertaining to which cause any increase is due—whether to immigration or to natural augmentation—consequent upon the fact that accurate statistics with regard to Jews are available for comparatively few countries, formerly caused the widest diversity to exist as to the total number of Jews in the world, as can be seen from the list of estimates given in the table on page 531.

The approximation of the latest estimates shows that the foundations for enumeration are becoming more sure and the variations possible less wide. The basis of modern estimates is that of I. Loeb, given in 1879, the chief errors of which were theomission of the 1,000,000 Jewish inhabitants of Poland and the estimate of the Falashas at 200,000. Andree gives details founded upon actual censuses, and he has been followed by Jacobs, Harris, and Ruppin. Of the earlier estimates, that of Jost, in the tenth volume of his history, is the most noteworthy, and was founded on a set of careful figures and enumerations derived mainly from censuses taken about 1840. He does not estimate the total, but an addition of his figures results in 3,143,000, a figure probably not far from the truth. Of recent years very much fuller and more accurate details have been obtained as to the number of Jews, especially in Europe, where the majority of countries consider the religious creeds of their inhabitants as part of the census returns.

Authority.	Time.	Estimated Number.
"French-Jewish Almanac."	1828	4,947,000
Balbi	1829	4,000,000
Hörschelman	1833	6,598,000
Jost	1846	3,143,000
Berghaus	1854	4,000,000
Boudin	1857	3,900,000
Legoyt	1868	4,550,000
Alexander	1870	6,798,029
I. Loeb	1879	6,276,957
Andree	1881	6,193,662
"Encyc. Brit."	1881	6,200,000
Heckler	1883	6,136,662
A. Nossig	1887	6,582,500
J. Jacobs	1896	9,066,534
I. Harris	1902	10,319,402
"American Jewish Year-Book."	1904-5	10,932,777
A. Ruppin	1904	10,456,000

Methods of Estimating Population.

In the English-speaking world, especially in England and America, where no religious census is taken, recourse must be had to estimates instead of enumerations. These are mainly derived from three sources: ( a ) the death-rate, ( b ) the marriage-rate, ( c ) school statistics. As regards the first source, the burials in Jewish cemeteries are almost always a sure indication of the number of Jewish inhabitants. If the population is a stable one, an estimate based on the ordinary death-rate of the country would give too small a figure ( see Mortality ); where much migration has occurred the error would be still greater, owing to the fact that migrants are chiefly of the most viable ages. The estimate deduced from the marriage-rate is generally much above the true figures, if the ordinary marriage-rate is taken, as, owing to the nubile ages of migrants, a larger proportion of Jews marry in the Western countries. It is usual to assume that the children of school age, whose numbers can be very frequently ascertained, are one-fifth of the population. Here, again, Jewish statistics vary somewhat from general statistics, owing to the eagerness of Jewish parents to send their children to school. In cases where no actual enumeration of the number of Jewish children is possible, an estimate can at times be made by finding the number of children absent from school on the Day of Atonement, which, as a rule, corresponds almost exactly to the number of Jewish children attending the schools. See London .

The following list, taken from various sources, gives the numbers of Jews in each country, together with the ratio to its entire population. The cities having a large Jewish population are given under the head of the country to which they belong, their proportion to the general population being given also. As far as possible, the date at which the census was made is given; and where the city estimate is of later or earlier date, this also is mentioned. When no date is given, the census of 1900-1 is meant. Estimates are indicated by asterisks.

Table of Ratios of Jewish to Total Population in the Principal Countries and Cities of the World .

			Jewish Population.	Percentage of Jewish to Total Population.	Total Population.
Europe.
	Austria		1,224,899	4.68	26,150,708
	Brody		15,050	75.00	20,071
	Cracow		25,430	29.13	87,274
	Czernowitz		22,000	32.53	67,622
	Lemberg		40,000	25.00	159,875
	Prague		20,000	9.92	201,589
	Triest		5,100	3.22	158,344
	Vienna		150,000	8.95	1,687,954
Belgium *			12,000	.18	6,687,651
	Antwerp		4,500	1.58	285,600
	Brussels		6,500	1.16	561,782
Bosnia and Herzegovina			8,213	.58	1,404,000
British Isles *			250,000	.57	41,454,573
	England		235,000	.85	27,483,490
		Birmingham	4,000	.77	522,182
		Leeds	15,000	3.50	428,953
		Liverpool	7,000	1.04	684,947
		London (1902)	150,000	2.27	6,581,327
		Manchester	28,000	5.15	543,969
	Ireland		3,769	.08	4,704,750
	Scotland *		10,000	.24	4,025,647
		Glasgow	6,500	.86	760,468
	Wales		500	.03	1,519,035
Bulgaria			33,663	.90	3,733,189
	Rustchuk		3,075	10.92	28,121
	Sofia		7,000	14.89	47,000
Crete			728	.24	294,192
Cyprus and Malta			130	.03	376,175
Denmark			5,000	.20	2,464,770
	Copenhagen		3,500	1.11	313,000
France			86,885	.22	38,595,500
	Bordeaux		3,000	1.17	257,471
	Lyons		2,636	.58	453,145
	Marseilles		5,500	1.11	494,769
	Paris		58,000	2.18	2,660,000
Germany (1901)			586,948	1.04	56,367,178
	Berlin		86,152	4.56	1,844,151
	Breslau		18,440	4.36	422,738
	Cologne		8,400	2.40	372,229
	Dresden		38,700	9.00	289,844
	Frankfort-on-the-Main		22,000	7.63	289,489
	Hamburg		17,308	2.76	625,552
	Hanover		4,151	1.76	235,666
	Königsberg		4,076	2.16	187,897
	Leipsic		4,844	1.06	455,089
	Mayence		4,300	5.10	84,500
	Munich		9,500	1.90	498,503
	Nuremberg		6,500	2.49	261,000
	Posen		5,810	5.00	117,014
Greece			8,350	.34	2,433,806
	Athens		300	.27	111,486
	Larissa		1,500	10.00	15,000
Holland			103,988	2.00	5,179,100
	Amsterdam		60,000	11.30	530,718
	Rotterdam		12,000	4.00	222,233
Hungary			851,378	4.43	19,207,103
	Budapest		168,985	23.08	732,322
	Grosswardein		12,294	31.85	38,557
	Miskolez		8,551	28.08	30,444
	Szegedin		5,863	6.93	87,410
	Temesvar		8,916	22.37	39,850
Italy			34,653	.10	34,000,000
	Leghorn		4,050	4.12	98,321
	Rome		7,800	1.17	663,000
	Turin		4,300	1.27	335,639
	Venice		3,800	2.50	151,840
Luxemburg *			1,200	.50	236,543
Norway and Sweden *			5,000	.07	7,376,321
Poland (1897)			1,316,776	16.25	8,000,000
	Czenstochow		12,000	26.66	45,130
	Lodz (1903)		74,999	24.38	307,570
	Lomza		10,380	39.42	26,075
	Lublin		22,495	44.90	50,152
	Warsaw (1902)		262,824	41.18	638,209
Portugal *			1,200	.02	5,428,659
	Lisbon		250	.08	308,000
Rumania (1900)			269,015	4.99	5,408,743
	Bakau		7,850	60.38	13,000
	Botoshani		16,660	47.60	35,000
	Braila		10,811	23.14	46,715
	Bucharest		43,274	15.34	282,071
	Galatz		12,970	20.85	62,678
	Jassy		30,441	38.99	78,067
	Monastir		6,000	.90	664,379
Russia (1897)			3,872,625	3.29	117,668,000
	Berdychev		47,000	87.52	53,000
	Biela Zerkow		16,000	48.48	33,000
	Bobrinsk		19,125	54.33	35,177
	Brest-Litovsk		36,650	78.81	46,502
	Byelostok		42,000	65.62	63,925
	Dvinsk		32,369	44.83	72,231
	Grodno		24,611	52.45	46,871
	Homel		23,000	62.16	36,846
	Jitomir		22,000	33.61	65,452
	Kherson		18,967	27.14	62,219
	Kiev		16,000	6.46	247,432
	Kishinef		50,000	49.95	108,796
	Kovno		28,403	38.60	73,543
	Libau		9,700	15.04	64,505
	Minsk		49,957	54.60	91,494
	Moghilef		25,000	58.14	43,106
	Nikolaief		16,000	17.39	92,060
	Odessa		150,000	37.03	405,041
	Pinsk		22,000	80.10	27,938
	Riga		18,000	7.02	256,197
	Rostof		15,000	12.50	119,889
	St. Petersburg (1900)		20,385	1.41	1,439,616
	Wilna		63,986	40.00	159,568
	Yekaterinoslav		36,000	29.54	121,216
	Yelisavetgrad		24,340	39.26	61,841
Servia			5,102	.20	2,493,770
Spain *			5,000	.02	18,089,500
	Gibraltar		3,000	10.90	27,460
	Madrid		300	.06	498,000
Switzerland			12,551	.38	3,315,443
Turkey and Eastern Rumelia *			282,277	4.91	5,746,986
	Adrianople (1904)		17,000	20.98	81,000
	Bagdad		35,000	24.14	145,000
	Constantinople		44,361	3.94	1,125,000
	Philippopolis		3,800	8.86	42,849
	Salonica		60,000	57.14	105,000
Asia.
Arabia *			30,000	.42	7,000,000
	Aden		3,059	7.42	41,222
Asia Minor and Syria *			65,000	.55	11,800,432
	Aleppo		10,000	8.54	117,000
	Brusa		3,500	4.58	76,303
	Corfu		3,500	19.00	17,918
	Damascus		10,000	4.44	225,000
	Smyrna		25,000	12.44	201,000
Caucasus			58,471	.77	7,536,828
	Baku		11,650	11.31	103,000
China and Japan *			2,000	.0004	427,663,231
	Hongkong		143	.06	221,441
India			18,228	.06	231,899,507
	Bombay		5,357	.67	776,000
	Calcutta		1,889	.17	1,125,400
Palestine *			78,000	12.00	650,000
	Haifa		1,800	13.84	13,000
	Hebron		1,500	7.50	18,000
	Jaffa		3,500	8.75	40,000
	Jerusalem		41,000	68.33	60,000
	Safed		6,870	27.48	25,000
	Tiberias		2,600	65.00	4,000
Persia *			35,000	.39	9,000,000
	Shiraz		5,000	16.66	30,000
	Teheran		5,100	2.42	210,000
Russian Central Asia			12,729	.16	7,740,394
	Samarcand		4,379	.51	859,123
Siberia			34,477	.60	5,666,659
Turkestan and Afghanistan			18,435	.22	8,241,913
Africa.
Abyssinia (Falashas) *			50,000	1.00	5,000,000
Algeria (1902)			51,044	1.07	4,729,331
	Algiers		10,800	14.44	74,792
	Constantine		7,200	15.47	46,581
	Oran		10,636	14.27	74,510
	Tlemcen		4,909	16.61	29,554
Egypt (1897)			30,678	.31	9,734,405
	Alexandria		12,433	3.89	319,000
	Cairo		14,362	2.51	570,062
Morocco *			109,712	2.11	5,000,000
	Fez		10,000	6.88	145,000
	Mogador		8,676	45.66	19,000
	Morocco		15,700	31.40	50,000
	Sfax		5,000	7.14	70,000
	Tangier		12,000	40.00	30,000
	Tetuan		6,500	29.54	22,000
Tripoli			18,680	2.33	800,000
Tunis			62,545	4.16	1,500,000
	Tunis		12,000	8.96	135,000
South Africa *			50,000	4.54	1,100,000
	Cape Colony		20,000	1.27	1,527,224
	Natal		1,700	.31	543,983
		Durban	1,250	2.08	60,046
	Orange River Colony		1,500	.72	207,503
		Bloemfontein	800	11.94	6,760
	Portuguese Territory		200
	Rhodesia		600
	Transvaal		25,000	5.12	487,457
		Johannesburg	10,000	9.80	102,078
America. ( North America. )
Canada			22,500	.42	5,369,666
	Montreal		10,000	3.75	266,826
	Toronto		3,500	1.68	207,971
	Winnipeg		2,500	59.52	42,000
Central America *			4,035	.12	3,143,968
Mexico *			1,000	.008	11,642,720
United States *			1,500,000	1.97	76,085,794
	Baltimore		30,000	7.90	434,439
	Boston		40,000	8.91	448,477
	Chicago		60,000	3.53	1,698,575
	Cincinnati		18,000	5.52	325,902
	New York		672,776	19.56	3,437,202
	Philadelphia		75,000	5.80	1,293,697
	St. Louis		45,000	9.96	451,770
	San Francisco		20,000	6.68	298,997
( South America. * )
Argentine Republic			20,000	.42	4,659,214
	Buenos Ayres		10,000	1.25	800,000
Brazil			2,000	.01	14,002,335
	Rio de Janeiro		300	.03	800,000
Dutch Guiana			1,121	1.97	57,388
Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Chile, and Uruguay			1,000	.01	9,318,033
Guiana, Venezuela and Colombia			2,000	.03	6,345,539
Australasia.
Australia			15,122	.49	3,036,570
	New South Wales		6,447	.56	1,132,234
		Sydney	6,000	1.33	451,000
	Queensland		733	.18	406,658
	South Australia		786	.24	320,431
	Victoria		5,897	.51	1,140,405
		Melbourne	5,500	1.11	493,956
	Western Australia		1,259	2.54	49,782
		Perth	500	1.38	36,274
New Zealand			1,611	.20	772,719
Tasmania			107	.07	146,667

From this it will be seen that the total number of Jews in the various continents is 11,273,076, distributed as follows:

Europe	8,977,581
Asia	352,340
Africa	372,659
North America	1,527,535
South America	26,121
Australasia	16,840

The accuracy of these figures is doubtful since, as stated above, England and the United States have no religious statistics. With respect to the lands of Islam, an attempt has recently been made by the Alliance Israélite Universelle to obtain some definite data; the result is given below:

Mohammedan Countries .

Algeria		63,000
Bulgaria		31,064
Egypt		30,578
Morocco		109,712
Persia		49,500
Tripoli		18,660
Tunis		62,540
Turkey in Europe		188,896
(Turkey in Asia.)
Archipelago (Turkish)		4,557
Asia Minor		77,458
Crete		646
Mesopotamia		59,235
Syria and Palestine		79,234
Yemen		35,000
		_________
	Total	810,080

With some of these results may be compared those of Cuinet ("La Turquie d'Asie," Paris, 1892-95): 121,381 for Turkey in Asia, and 70,382 for Syria and Palestine.

The difficulty in securing trustworthy results from Asiatic and Islamic countries may be illustrated by reproducing the various estimates made of the Jewish population of Jerusalem—a subject which is, of course, interesting in itself:

Estimate.	Authority.	Year.
7,100	Prussian consul	1867
7,120	Zochokke	1868
8,000	Lemisse	1873
9,000	English consul Moore	1887
14,000	Lortel	1881
16,000	Ritter	1895
21,000	Luncz ("Luaḥ")	1898
25,000-30,000	"New International Encyclopedia"	1903
28,000	Meyer's tours	1893
29,000	M. A. Meyer ( Jew. Encyc. vii. 151)	1904
30,000	W. W. Wilson ("Encye. Brit.")	1902
30,774	Cuinet	1896
41,000	Baedeker and Brockhaus	1902
55,000	Wilson ("Encye. Brit.")	1902

Probably 95 per cent of the persons included in these estimates of Jewish populations are Ashkenazim. As far as can be ascertained, the numbers of Sephardim are as follows:

Turkey	in	Europe	90,000
"	"	Asia	45,000
Egypt, etc.			10,000
Algeria			40,000
Morocco			50,000
France			6,000
Italy			18,000
Holland, etc.			50,000
America			5,000
			_______
	Total		314,000

But there are others, besides these two groups, who may be included under the heading "Jews"; the following classes may be enumerated:

		Nativity.	Number.	Per cent of Whole.
A. Jews both by religion and by birth		.....................	11,000,000	98.9
	Ashkenazim	Teutonic and Slavonic	10,475,000	92.8
	Sephardim	Romance, Levantine, African.	314,000	5.1
	Samaritans (?)	Nablus	150
B. Jews by religion, but not by birth		.....................	75,000	1.1
	Falashas	Abyssinian	50,000
	Karaites	Crimean	6,000
	Daggatouns, etc.	Saharic	10,000
	Beni-Israel	Bombay	6,500
	Cochin	Cochin	1,600
C. Jews by birth, but not by religion		.....................	12,000	0.2
	Chuetas	Belearic Isles	6,000
	Maiminim	Salonica	4,000
	Gedid al Islam	Khorasan	2,000

The following list summarizes the proportion of Jews to general population in the several countries:

	Per cent.
Poland	16.25
Palestine	12.00
Rumania	4.99
Austria	4.68
Hungary	4.43
Russian Empire	3.29
Morocco	2.11
Holland	2.00
United States	1.97
Prussia	1.11
Algeria	1.07
Germany	1.04
Bulgaria	.90
United Kingdom	.57
Luxemburg	.50
Argentine Republic	.42
Canada	.42
Persia	.39
Switzerland	.38
Australasia	.38
Greece	.34
Egypt	.31
France	.22
New Zealand	.20
Servia	.20
Denmark	.20
Belgium	.18
Italy	.10
Norway and Sweden	.07
India	.06
Portugal	.02
Spain	.02

Town and Country.

Turning from distribution to social characteristics, the most marked one is the preference for living in towns, though this tendency, of course, is now common. A few figures with regard to this point may be here inserted. Dr. S. Neumann ("Die Fabel von der Jüd. Masseneinwanderung," p. 65) gives the following percentage of Jews living in the open country in Prussia, to which has been added, after Jannasch, the proportion of the general population:

Year.	Older Parts.	New Possessions.	Together.	Proportion.
1849	20.85	.......	.......	73.48
1858	21.75	.......	.......	70.39
1867	19.73	39.38	22.88	68.70
1871	18.41	34.89	21.90	67.67

Here the decrease in the rural population is not so very marked, but the small proportion to the general population is noteworthy. In countries in which the Jewish population is smaller the contrast is more striking. Thus, in Saxony, in 1880, while 72 per cent of the general population dwelt in the country, only 3 per cent of Jews lived outside of towns ("Statist. Jahrb. für Sachsen," 1883, p. 5). At the last census of Victoria, in 1881, the percentages of the population were as follows ("Religions of the People," part iii.):

	Towns, etc.	Shires.	Outside Local Jurisdiction.
General	50	49	1
Jews	93	7	0

The following table, taken from Ruppin, "Die Juden der Gegenwart," gives the number of Jews in large cities in the countries named for the year 1900:

Country.	Percentage of Jews in Large Cities.	Percentage of Christians in Large Cities.	Percentage of Inhabitants of Large Cities Who Are Jews.
Austria	23.33	10.60	9.76
Holland	42.72	15.90	2.75
Hungary	26.11	6.39	15.89
Prussia	49.21	16.55	3.30

The same writer gives an equally interesting table of the proportion of Jews in the following important cities:

Map of the Western Hemisphere, Showing Chief Centers of Jewish Population . Map of the Eastern Hemisphere, Showing Chief Centers of Jewish Population .

City.	Percentage of Jews in City.	Permillage of Jews of Country.	Permillage of Others.
Amsterdam	13.40	560	80
Berlin	4.88	235	53
Bucharest	13.30	161	50
Budapest	23.08	199	31
Copenhagen	1.04	800	143
London	1.59	585	157
New York	17.46	528	45
Rome	1.18	179	20
St. Petersburg	35.77	193	57
Vienna	8.77	123	61

In this connection it is interesting to give a list of the chief cities having more than 10,000 Jews:

Adrianople	17,000
Aleppo	10,000
Alexandria	12,433
Amsterdam	60,000
Bagdad	35,000
Baku	11,650
Baltimore	30,000
Berdychev	47,000
Berlin	86,152
Biela Zerkow	16,000
Bobrinsk	19,125
Boston	40,000
Botoshani	16,660
Braila	10,811
Breslau	18,440
Brest-Litovsk	36,650
Brody	15,050
Bucharest	43,274
Budapest	168,985
Buenos Ayres	10,000
Byelostok	42,000
Cairo	14,362
Chicago	60,000
Cincinnati	18,000
Constantinople	44,361
Cracow	25,430
Czenstochow	12,000
Czernowitz	22,000
Damascus	10,000
Dresden	38,700
Dvinsk	32,369
Fez	10,000
Frankfort-on-the-Main.	22,000
Galatz	12,970
Grodno	24,611
Grosswardein	12,294
Hamburg	17,308
Homel	23,000
Jassy	30,441
Jerusalem	41,000
Jitomir	22,000
Johannesburg	10,000
Kherson	18,967
Kiev	16,000
Kishinef	50,000
Kovno	28,403
Lemberg	40,000
Lodz	74,999
Lomza	10,380
London	150,000
Lublin	22,495
Minsk	49,957
Moghilef	25,000
Montreal	10,000
Morocco	15,700
New York	672,776
Nikolaief	16,000
Odessa	150,000
Paris	58,000
Philadelphia	75,000
Pinsk	22,000
Prague	20,000
Riga	18,000
Rostof	15,000
Rotterdam	12,000
St. Louis	45,000
St. Petersburg	20,385
Salonica	60,000
San Francisco	20,000
Smyrna	25,000
Tangier	12,000
Tunis	12,000
Vienna	150,000
Warsaw	262,824
Wilna	63,986
Winnipeg	25,000
Yekaterinoslav	36,000
Yelisavetgrad	24,340

Owing to the large dispersion of the Jews of Russia, Galicia, and Rumania during the past twenty-five years, amounting probably to 1,000,000, a somewhat peculiar statistical condition occurs in the Jewish population of the English-speaking world, where for the most part the emigrants have been received ( see Migration ). The latter are largely of the most viable ages—between fifteen and forty-five—and therefore the death-rate is very low and the marriage-rate very high. The absence of the aged from the stream of immigration also tends to reduce the death-rate, though it increases the proportion of deaths under the age of five to an abnormal degree. This, for example, is the reason why in London such deaths are more than 50 per cent of the total number of deaths.

Another example of the result of the Russian emigration is the distribution of males and females in the Jewish as compared with the general population; this can be seen from the following table:

Number Of Women To 100 Men .

	Jews.	General.
Bavaria	106	105
Denmark	110	103
France	99	101
Holland	105	102
Hungary	103	103
Ireland	89	105
Italy	101	99
Prussia	108	103
Russia	104	102
Sweden	103	109

Notwithstanding the fact that the number of male births among Jews is larger than among other races, the proportion of Jewesses to Jews is greater than that of females to males in the general population. This is due in large measure to the frequent emigration of young men to seek their fortunes in other lands; hence, in America and England there is a much larger proportion of young men to young women, which again leads to a higher marriage-rate.

J.