←Physics:Quantum basics

Doubly special relativity^[1][2] (DSR) – also called deformed special relativity – is a modified theory of special relativity in which there is not only an observer-independent maximum velocity (the speed of light), but also an observer-independent maximum energy scale (the Planck energy) and/or a minimum length scale (the Planck length).^[3] This contrasts with other^{[clarification needed]} Lorentz-violating theories, such as the Standard-Model Extension, where Lorentz invariance is instead broken by the presence of a preferred frame. The main motivation for this theory is that the Planck energy should be the scale where as yet unknown quantum gravity effects become important and, due to invariance of physical laws, this scale should remain fixed in all inertial frames.^[4]

First attempts to modify special relativity by introducing an observer-independent length were made by Pavlopoulos (1967), who estimated this length at about 10⁻¹⁵ metres.^[5][6] In the context of quantum gravity, Giovanni Amelino-Camelia (2000) introduced what is now called doubly special relativity, by proposing a specific realization of preserving invariance of the Planck length 1.616255×10⁻³⁵ m.^[7][8] This was reformulated by Kowalski-Glikman (2001) in terms of an observer-independent Planck mass.^[9] A different model, inspired by that of Amelino-Camelia, was proposed in 2001 by João Magueijo and Lee Smolin, who also focused on the invariance of Planck energy.^[10][11]

It was realized that there are, indeed, three kinds of deformation of special relativity that allow one to achieve an invariance of the Planck energy; either as a maximum energy, as a maximal momentum, or both. DSR models are possibly related to loop quantum gravity in 2+1 dimensions (two space, one time), and it has been conjectured that a relation also exists in 3+1 dimensions.^[12][13]

The motivation for these proposals is mainly theoretical, based on the following observation: The Planck energy is expected to play a fundamental role in a theory of quantum gravity; setting the scale at which quantum gravity effects cannot be neglected and new phenomena might become important. If special relativity is to hold up exactly to this scale, different observers would observe quantum gravity effects at different scales, due to the Lorentz–FitzGerald contraction, in contradiction to the principle that all inertial observers should be able to describe phenomena by the same physical laws. This motivation has been criticized, on the grounds that the result of a Lorentz transformation does not itself constitute an observable phenomenon.^[4] DSR also suffers from several inconsistencies in formulation that have yet to be resolved.^[14][15] Most notably, it is difficult to recover the standard transformation behavior for macroscopic bodies, known as the soccer ball problem.^[16] The other conceptual difficulty is that DSR is a priori formulated in momentum space. There is, as of yet, no consistent formulation of the model in position space.

Experiments to date have not observed contradictions to Special Relativity.

It was initially speculated that ordinary special relativity and doubly special relativity would make distinct physical predictions in high-energy processes and, in particular, the derivation of the GZK limit on energies of cosmic rays from distant sources would not be valid. However, it is now established that standard doubly special relativity does not predict any suppression of the GZK cutoff, contrary to the models where an absolute local rest frame exists, such as effective field theories like the Standard-Model Extension.

Since DSR generically (though not necessarily) implies an energy-dependence of the speed of light, it has further been predicted that, if there are modifications to first order in energy over the Planck mass, this energy-dependence would be observable in high energetic photons reaching Earth from distant gamma ray bursts. Depending on whether the now energy-dependent speed of light increases or decreases with energy (a model-dependent feature), highly energetic photons would be faster or slower than the lower energetic ones.^[17] However, the Fermi-LAT experiment in 2009 measured a 31 GeV photon, which nearly simultaneously arrived with other photons from the same burst, which excluded such dispersion effects even above the Planck energy.^[18] Moreover, it has been argued that DSR, with an energy-dependent speed of light, is inconsistent and first order effects are ruled out already because they would lead to non-local particle interactions that would long have been observed in particle physics experiments.^[19]

Since the de Sitter group naturally incorporates an invariant length parameter, de Sitter relativity can be interpreted as an example of doubly special relativity because de Sitter spacetime incorporates invariant velocity, as well as length parameter. There is a fundamental difference, though: whereas in all doubly special relativity models the Lorentz symmetry is violated, in de Sitter relativity it remains as a physical symmetry. A drawback of the usual doubly special relativity models is that they are valid only at the energy scales where ordinary special relativity is supposed to break down, giving rise to a patchwork relativity. On the other hand, de Sitter relativity is found to be invariant under a simultaneous re-scaling of mass, energy and momentum, and is consequently valid at all energy scales.

• Amelino-Camelia, Giovanni (2002). "Doubly-Special Relativity: First Results and Key Open Problems". International Journal of Modern Physics D 11 (10): 1643–1669. doi:10.1142/S021827180200302X. Bibcode: 2002IJMPD..11.1643A. 
• Amelino-Camelia, Giovanni (2002). "Relativity: Special treatment". Nature 418 (6893): 34–35. doi:10.1038/418034a. PMID 12097897. Bibcode: 2002Natur.418...34A. 
• Cardone, F.; Mignani, R. (2004). Energy and Geometry: An Introduction to Deformed Special Relativity. World Scientific. ISBN 981-238-728-5. 
• Jafari, N.; Shariati, A. (2006). "Doubly Special Relativity: A New Relativity or Not?". 841. pp. 462–465. doi:10.1063/1.2218214. 
• Kowalski-Glikman, J. (2005). "Introduction to Doubly Special Relativity". Planck Scale Effects in Astrophysics and Cosmology. Lecture Notes in Physics. 669. pp. 131–159. doi:10.1007/b105189. ISBN 978-3-540-25263-4. 
• Smolin, Lee (2006). "Chapter 14. Building on Einstein". The Trouble with Physics: The Rise of String Theory, the Fall of a Science, and What Comes Next. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-55105-7. OCLC 64453453.  Smolin writes for the layman a brief history of the development of DSR and how it ties in with string theory and cosmology.

1. Physics:Quantum basics
2. Physics:Quantum mechanics
3. Physics:Quantum Mathematical Foundations of Quantum_Theory
4. Physics:Quantum Interpretations of quantum mechanics
5. Physics:Quantum Atomic structure and spectroscopy
6. Physics:Quantum Open quantum systems
7. Physics:Quantum Statistical mechanics
8. Physics:Quantum Kinetic theory
9. Physics:Plasma physics (fusion context)
10. Physics:Tokamak physics
11. Physics:Tokamak edge physics and recycling asymmetries

Foundations

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1. Physics:Quantum basics
2. Physics:Quantum mechanics
3. Physics:Quantum mechanics measurements
4. Physics:Quantum Mathematical Foundations of Quantum_Theory

Conceptual and interpretations

[edit]
5. Physics:Quantum Interpretations of quantum mechanics
6. Physics:Quantum A Spooky Action at a Distance
7. Physics:Quantum A Walk Through the Universe
8. Physics:Quantum: The Secret of Cohesion: How Waves Hold Matter Together

Mathematical structure and systems

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9. Physics:Quantum Exactly solvable quantum systems
10. Physics:Quantum Formulas Collection
11. Physics:Quantum A Matter Of Size
12. Physics:Quantum Symmetry in quantum mechanics
13. Physics:Quantum Matter Elements and Particles

Atomic and spectroscopy

[edit]
14. Physics:Quantum Atomic structure and spectroscopy

Wavefunctions and modes

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15. Physics:Number of independent spatial modes in a spherical volume

Quantum information and computing

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16. Physics:Quantum information theory
17. Physics:Quantum Computing Algorithms in the NISQ Era
18. Physics:Quantum_Noisy_Qubits

Quantum optics and experiments

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19. Physics:Quantum Nonlinear King plot anomaly in calcium isotope spectroscopy
20. Physics:Quantum optics beam splitter experiments
21. Physics:Quantum Ultra fast lasers
22. Physics:Quantum Experimental quantum physics
23. Template Quantum optics operators

Open quantum systems

[edit]
24. Physics:Quantum Open quantum systems

Quantum field theory

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25. Physics:Quantum field theory (QFT) basics

Statistical mechanics and kinetic theory

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26. Physics:Quantum Statistical mechanics
27. Physics:Quantum Kinetic theory

Plasma and fusion physics

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28. Physics:Plasma physics (fusion context)
29. Physics:Tokamak physics
30. Physics:Tokamak edge physics and recycling asymmetries
• Hierarchy of modern physics models showing the progression from quantum statistical mechanics to kinetic theory and plasma physics, culminating in tokamak edge transport and recycling asymmetries.

Timeline

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31. Physics:Quantum mechanics/Timeline
32. Physics:Quantum_mechanics/Timeline/Quiz/

Advanced and frontier topics

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33. Physics:Quantum Supersymmetry
34. Physics:Quantum Black hole thermodynamics
35. Physics:Quantum Holographic principle
36. Physics:Quantum gravity
37. Physics:Quantum De Sitter invariant special relativity
38. Physics:Quantum Doubly special relativity

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