Comparison Of Orbital Launch Systems
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Soyuz-U, the most prolific orbital launch system in history
This comparison of orbital launch systems lists the attributes of all individual rocket configurations designed to reach orbit. A first list contains rockets that are operational or in development as of 2023; a second list includes all upcoming rockets and a third list includes all retired rockets For the simple list of all conventional launcher families, see: Comparison of orbital launchers families. For the list of predominantly solid-fueled orbital launch systems, see: Comparison of solid-fueled orbital launch systems.
Spacecraft propulsion[note 1] is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial satellites. Orbital launch systems are rockets and other systems capable of placing payloads into or beyond Earth orbit. All launch vehicle propulsion systems employed to date have been chemical rockets falling into one of three main categories:
- Solid-propellant rockets or solid-fuel rockets have a motor that uses solid propellants, typically a mix of powdered fuel and oxidizer held together by a polymer binder and molded into the shape of a hollow cylinder. The cylinder is ignited from the inside and burns radially outward, with the resulting expanding gases and aerosols escaping out via the nozzle.[note 2]
- Liquid-propellant rockets have a motor that feeds liquid propellant(s) into a combustion chamber. Most liquid engines use a bipropellant, consisting of two liquid propellants (fuel and oxidizer) which are stored and handled separately before being mixed and burned inside the combustion chamber.
- Hybrid-propellant rockets use a combination of solid and liquid propellant, typically involving a liquid oxidizer being pumped through a hollow cylinder of solid fuel.
All current spacecraft use conventional chemical rockets (solid-fuel or liquid bipropellant) for launch, though some[note 3] have used air-breathing engines on their first stage.[note 4]
Current rockets
Orbits legend:
- LEO, low Earth orbit
- SSO or SSPO, near-polar Sun-synchronous orbit
- polar, polar orbit
- MEO, medium Earth orbit
- GTO, geostationary transfer orbit
- GEO, geostationary orbit (direct injection)
- HEO, high Earth orbit
- HCO, heliocentric orbit
- TLI, trans-lunar injection
- TMI, trans-Mars injection
- LMO Low Mars Orbit
| Vehicle | Origin | Manufacturer | Height | Maximum payload mass (kg) |
Reusable / Expendable | Orbital launches including failures[lower-alpha 1] |
Launch site(s) | Dates of flight | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEO | GTO | Other | First | Latest | |||||||
| Angara A5 |  Russia
|
Khrunichev | 55.4 m | 24,500[1] | 5,400 with Briz-M[2] 7,500 with KVTK |
N/A | Expendable | 3[1] |
|
2014 | 2021 |
| Angara 1.2 | Russia
|
Khrunichev | 42.7 m | 3,500[2] | N/A | 2,400 to SSO[3] | Expendable | 2[4] |
|
2022 | 2022 |
| Atlas V 551 |  United States
|
ULA | 58.3 m | 18,850[5] | 8,900[5] | 13,550 to SSO[6] 3,850 to GEO[5] |
Expendable | 14 |
|
2006 | 2023 |
| Atlas V N22[lower-alpha 2] | United States
|
ULA | 52.4 m | 13,000[8] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 2[8] |
|
2019[9] | 2022 |
| Ceres-1 (3)[lower-alpha 3] |  China
|
Galactic Energy | 20 m | 400[11] | N/A | 300 to SSO[11] | Expendable | 8[12] |
|
2022 | 2023 |
| Ceres-1S[lower-alpha 4] | China
|
Galactic Energy | 20 m | ~ 400[11] | N/A | ~ 300 to SSO[11] | Expendable | 1[12] |
|
2023 | 2023 |
| Chollima-1 |  North Korea
|
NADA | 26.2 m | > 300[13] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 3[14] |
|
2023 | 2023 |
| Delta IV Heavy | United States
|
ULA | 72 m | 28,370[15] | 14,210[15] | 23,560 to polar [15] 11,290 to TLI 8,000 to TMI |
Expendable | 15[16] |
|
2004 | 2023 |
| Electron | United States New Zealand
|
Rocket Lab | 18 m[lower-alpha 5] - 18.7 m[lower-alpha 6] | 300[17] | N/A | 200 to SSO[17] | Reusable | 42[18] |
|
2017 | 2024 |
| Epsilon |  Japan
|
IHI[19] | 24.4 m | 1,500[20] | N/A | 590 to SSO[20] | Expendable | 6[20] |
|
2013 | 2022 |
| Falcon 9 Block 5 | United States
|
SpaceX | 70 m | 17,400[21] | 5,500[21] | N/A | Reusable | 57[21] |
|
2018 | 2024 |
| 22,800[21] | 8,300[21] | 4,020 to TMI[21] | Expendable | ||||||||
| Falcon Heavy[22] | United States
|
SpaceX | 70 m | 30,000[23] | 8,000[24] | N/A | Reusable | 3[24] |
|
2018 | 2023 |
| 63,800[24] | 26,700[24] | 16,800 to TMI[24] | Expendable | ||||||||
| Firefly Alpha | United States
|
Firefly Aerospace | 29 m | 1,030[25] | N/A | 630 to SSO[25] | Expendable | 4[26] |
|
2021 | 2023 |
| Gravity-1 | China
|
Orienspace | 31.4 m | 6,500[27] | N/A | 4,200 to SSO[27] | Expendable | 1[27] |
|
2024 | 2024 |
| GSLV Mk II |  India
|
ISRO | 49.1 m | 6,000[28] | 2,250[28] | N/A | Expendable | 9[29] |
|
2010 | 2023 |
| H-IIA 202 | Japan
|
Mitsubishi | 53 m | 8,000[30] | 4,000[30] | 5,100 to SSO[lower-alpha 7] | Expendable | 33[31] |
|
2001 | 2023 |
| H3-22S | Japan
|
Mitsubishi | 57 m | N/A[32] | 3,500 | N/A | Expendable | 1[33] |
|
2023 | 2023 |
| Hyperbola-1 (2)[lower-alpha 8] | China
|
i-Space | 22.5 m | 300[35] | N/A | 300 to SSO[35] | Expendable | 5[35] |
|
2021 | 2023 |
| Jielong 1[36] | China
|
CALT | 19.5 m | N/A | N/A | 200 to SSO[37] | Expendable | 1[36] |
|
2019 | 2019 |
| Jielong 3 | China
|
CALT | 31.8 m | N/A | N/A | 1,500 (500 km SSO)[38] | Expendable | 2[38] |
|
2022 | 2022 |
| Kinetica 1 | China
|
CAS Space | 30 m | 2,000[39] | N/A | 1,500[39] (500 km SSO) | Expendable | 3[39] |
|
2022 | 2024 |
| Kuaizhou 1A | China
|
ExPace | 19.8 m | 400[40] | N/A | 250 to SSO | Expendable | 28[40] |
|
2013[lower-alpha 9] | 2024 |
| Kuaizhou 11 | China
|
ExPace | 25.3 m | 1,500[42] | N/A | 1,000 to SSO[42] | Expendable | 2[43] |
|
2020 | 2022 |
| Long March 2C | China
|
CALT | 42 m | 3,850 [44] |
1,250 with CTS2[44] | 2,000 to SSO with YZ-1S[45] | Expendable | 75[46] |
|
1982 | 2023 |
| Long March 2D | China
|
SAST | 41.1 m | 3,500[47] | N/A | 1,150 to SSO[48] | Expendable | 85[46] |
|
1992 | 2023 |
| Long March 2F | China
|
CALT | 62 m | 8,400[47] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 22[46] |
|
1999 | 2023 |
| Long March 3A | China
|
CALT | 52.5 m | 6,000[49] | 2,600[49] | 5,000 to SSO 1,420 to TLI[49] |
Expendable | 27[49] |
|
1994 | 2018 |
| Long March 3B/E | China
|
CALT | 56.3 m | 11,500[49] | 5,500[49] | 6,900 to SSO 3,500 to TLI[49] |
Expendable | 81[49] |
|
2007 | 2023 |
| Long March 3C | China
|
CALT | 54.8 m | 9,100[49] | 3,800[49] | 6,500 to SSO 2,300 to TLI[49] |
Expendable | 18[49] |
|
2008 | 2021 |
| Long March 4B | China
|
SAST | 44.1 m | 4,200[50] | 1,500[50] | 2,800 to SSO[50] | Expendable | 48[50] |
|
1999 | 2023 |
| Long March 4C | China
|
SAST | 45.8 m | 4,200[51] | 1,500[51] | 2,800 to SSO[51] | Expendable | 53[51] |
|
2006 | 2023 |
| Long March 5 | China
|
CALT | 56.9 m | 25,000[52] | 14,000 [52] | 15,000 to SSO[53] 4,500 to GEO[53] 8,200 to TLI[54] 6,000 to TMI[54] |
Expendable | 6[53] |
|
2016 | 2023 |
| Long March 5B | China
|
CALT | 56.9 m | 25,000[53] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 4[53] |
|
2020[55] | 2022 |
| Long March 6 | China
|
SAST | 29 m | 1,500[56] | N/A | 1,080 to SSO[56] | Expendable | 11[56] |
|
2015 | 2023 |
| Long March 6A | China
|
SAST | 50 m | N/A | N/A | 4,500 to SSO[57] | Expendable | 4[58] |
|
2022 | 2023 |
| Long March 7 | China
|
CALT | 53.1 m | 14,000[59] | 7,000 | 5,500 to SSO[59] | Expendable | 8[60] |
|
2016[61] | 2024 |
| Long March 7A | China
|
CALT | 60.13 m | 13,500 | 7,000[55] | N/A | Expendable | 6[60] |
|
2020 | 2023 |
| Long March 8 | China
|
CALT | 50.34 m | 8,400 | 2,800[62] | 5,000 to SSO[62] | Expendable | 2[63] |
|
2020 | 2022 |
| Long March 11 | China
|
CALT | 20.8 m | 700[64] | N/A | 350 to SSO[64] | Expendable | 17[64] |
|
2015 | 2023 |
| LVM 3 | India
|
ISRO | 43.4 m | 8,000[65] | 4,000[65] | 2,380 to TLI | Expendable | 6[66] |
|
2017[lower-alpha 10] | 2023 |
| Minotaur-C[68] | United States
|
Northrop Grumman | 27.9 m | 1,458[69] | 445[69] | 1,054 to SSO[lower-alpha 11][69] | Expendable | 1[69] |
|
2017 | 2017 |
| Minotaur I | United States
|
Northrop Grumman | 19.2 m | 580[70] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 12[71] |
|
2000 | 2021 |
| Minotaur IV | United States
|
Northrop Grumman | 23.9 m | 1,730[70] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 5[72][lower-alpha 12] |
|
2010 | 2020 |
| Minotaur V | United States
|
Northrop Grumman | 24.6 m | N/A | 678[72] | 465 to HCO[72] | Expendable | 1[72] |
|
2013 | 2013 |
| Nuri (KSLV-II) |  South Korea
|
KARI | 47.2 m | 3,300[73] | N/A | 1,900 to SSO[73] | Expendable | 3[74] |
|
2021 | 2023 |
| Pegasus XL | United States
|
Northrop Grumman | 16.9 m | 454[75] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 35[76] |
|
1994 | 2021 |
| Proton-M | Russia
|
Khrunichev | 58.2 m | 23,000[77] | 6,150 [78] | 3,300 to GEO[78] | Expendable | 115[79][80][78] |
|
2001 | 2023 |
| PSLV-CA | India
|
ISRO | 44.4 m | 2,100[81] | N/A | 1,100 to SSO[81] | Expendable | 17[82][81] |
|
2007 | 2023 |
| PSLV-DL | India
|
ISRO | 44.4 m | N/A | N/A | 750 to polar | Expendable | 4[83] |
|
2019 | 2024 |
| PSLV-QL | India
|
ISRO | 44.4 m | N/A | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 2[84] |
|
2019 | 2019 |
| PSLV-XL | India
|
ISRO | 44.4 m | 3,800[85] | 1,300[85] | 1,750 to SSO[85] 550 to TMI[86] |
Expendable | 25[85] |
|
2008 | 2023 |
| Qaem 100 |  Iran
|
IRGC | 15.5 m | 80[87] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 2[lower-alpha 13] |
|
2023 | 2024 |
| Qased | Iran
|
IRGC | 18.8 m | 40[88] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 3[88] |
|
2020 | 2023 |
| Shavit-2 |  Israel
|
IAI | 22.1 m | 400 in Retrograde[89] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 6[90] |
|
2007 | 2023 |
| Simorgh | Iran
|
Iranian Space Agency | 26 m | 250[91] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 7[92][91][lower-alpha 14] |
|
2017 | 2024 |
| SK solid fueled TV2 | South Korea
|
MND | 19.5 m | > 100[93] | N/A | N/A | Expendable | 1[93] |
|
2023 | 2023 |
| Soyuz-2.1a | Russia
|
TsSKB-Progress | 46.3 m | 7,020 from Baikonur 6,830 from Plesetsk 7,150 from Vostochny[94] |
N/A | 4,450 to SSO[95] | Expendable | 63[96][95][97] |
|
2006[lower-alpha 15] | 2023 |
| Soyuz-2.1b | Russia
|
TsSKB-Progress | 46.3 m | 8,200 from Baikonur 7,850 from Plesetsk 8,320 from Vostochny[94] |
3,060[99] | 4,900 to SSO[99] | Expendable | 69[100][99] |
|
2006 | 2023 |
| Soyuz-2.1v | Russia
|
TsSKB-Progress | 44 m | 2,800[101] | N/A | 1,400 to SSO 2,630 to polar[101] | Expendable | 11[101] |
|
2013 | 2023 |
| Starship[102] | United States
|
SpaceX | 121 m | 150,000[103] - 250,000 | N/A | N/A | Reusable | 2 |
|
2023 | 2023 |
| SLS Block 1 | United States
|
NASA Boeing Northrop Grumman |
98 m | 95,000[104] | N/A | 27,000+ to TLI[104] | Expendable | 1[105] |
|
2022[106] | 2022 |
| SSLV | India
|
ISRO | 34 m | 500[107] | N/A | 300 to SSO[107] | Expendable | 2[108] |
|
2022 | 2023 |
| Tianlong-2 | China
|
Space Pioneer | 32.8 m | 2,000[109] | N/A | 1,500 to SSO[109] | Expendable | 1[109] |
|
2023 | 2023 |
| Vega |  Europe Italy
|
ArianeGroupAvio | 31 m | 2,300[110] | N/A | 1,330 to SSO[111]
1,500 to polar[112] |
Expendable | 21[113] |
|
2012 | 2023 |
| Vega-C | Europe Italy
|
ArianeGroupAvio | 36.2 m | 3,300[114] | N/A | 2,200 to SSO 2,300 to polar[114] | Expendable | 2[115] |
|
2022 | 2022 |
| Vulcan Centaur VC2 | United States
|
ULA | 61.6 m | 19,000[116] | 8,400[116] | 2,600 to GEO
15,200 to polar 6,300 to TLI[116] |
Reusable | 1[117] |
|
2024 | 2024 |
| Zhuque-2 | China
|
LandSpace | 49.5 m | 6,000[118] | N/A | 4,000 to SSO[118] | Expendable | 3[118] |
|
2022[119] | 2023 |
- ↑ Suborbital flight tests and on-pad explosions are excluded, but launches failing en route to orbit are included.
- ↑ for Starliner[7]
- ↑ Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[10]
- ↑ Sea-launched version of the third unofficial iteration of the Ceres-1 launch vehicle.
- ↑ Standard height.
- ↑ Height with BlackSky satellites.
- ↑ 5,100 kg to a 500-km Sun-synchronous orbit; 3,300 kg to 800 km[30]:64–65
- ↑ Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[34]
- ↑ A suborbital test flight was conducted in March 2012.[41]
- ↑ A suborbital test flight was conducted in 2014 (designated LVM-3/CARE) without the cryogenic upper stage (CUS).[67]
- ↑ Reference altitude 400 km
- ↑ Additionally, two suborbital missions were conducted in 2010 and 2011.[72]
- ↑ A suborbital test flight succeeded in 2022.
- ↑ A suborbital test flight succeeded in 2016; both orbital flights in 2017 and 2019 failed.[91]
- ↑ Suborbital test flight in 2004, without Fregat upper stage.[98]
Upcoming rockets
Upcoming launch vehicles
| Vehicle | Origin | Manufacturer | Height | Payload mass to ... (kg) | Reusable / Expendable | Launch Site (s) | Date of first flight | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEO | GTO | Other | |||||||
| Agnibaan | India
|
AgniKul Cosmos | 18 m | 150 | N/A | 90 to SSO | Expendable |
|
2024 |
| Angara A5M | Russia
|
Khrunichev | 55.4 m | 26,800 | 4,100-5,200 | N/A | Expendable |
|
2024 |
| Angara A5P | Russia
|
Khrunichev | TBA | 18,800 | N/A | N/A | Expendable |
|
2028 |
| Antares 330 | United States
|
Northrop Grumman
Firefly Aerospace[lower-alpha 1] |
47 m | 10,500 | N/A | N/A | Expendable |
|
2025 |
| Ariane 6 A62 | Europe
|
ArianeGroup | 63 m | 10,350[120]:45 | 5,000[120]:33 | 6,450 to SSO 3,000 to HEO 3,000 to TLI [120]:40–49 |
Expendable |
|
2024[121] |
| Ariane 6 A64 | Europe
|
ArianeGroup | 63 m | 21,650[120]:46 | 11,500+ [120]:33 | 14,900 to SSO 5,000 to GEO 8,400 to HEO 8,500 to TLI [120]:40–49 |
Expendable |
|
2024[121] |
| Aurora | .svg.png){kind=small} Canada
|
Reaction Dynamics | 18 m | 200 | N/A | N/A | Expendable |
|
2024 |
| Aventura 1 |  Argentina
|
TLON Space | 10 m | 25 | N/A | N/A | Reusable | TBA | 2024 |
| Blue Whale 1 | South Korea
|
Perigee Aerospace | 21 m | 165[122] | N/A | 185 to SSO | Reusable |
|
2024 |
| 195[122] | 220 to SSO | Expendable | |||||||
| Cosmos | Russia
|
SR space | 18.5 m | 100 | N/A | N/A | Reusable |
|
TBA |
| Cyclone-4M |  Ukraine
|
Yuzhnoye Yuzhmash |
38.7 m | 5,000[123] | 1,000[124] | 3,350 to SSO[123] | Expendable |
|
2025[125] |
| Dauntless | United States
|
Vaya Space | 35 m | 1,000 | N/A | N/A | Expendable |
|
2025 |
| Daytona | United States
|
Phantom Space | 18.7 m | 500 | N/A | 370 | Expendable |
|
2024 |
| Epsilon S | Japan
|
JAXA | 27.2 m | 1,400 | N/A | 600 to SSO | Expendable |
|
2024 |
| Eris Block 1 | .svg.png){kind=small} Australia
|
Gilmour Space Technologies | 25 m | 305[126] | N/A | N/A | Expendable |
| |
| Gravity-2 | China
|
Orienspace | 60 m | 8,600 - 16,000 | 5,800 | 10,900 to SSO | Reusable |
|
2024 |
| Hanbit-Nano | South Korea
|
Innospace | 17 m | 150 | N/A | 90 | Expendable |
|
2024 |
| Hyperbola-3 | China
|
i-Space | 69 m | 8,500 | N/A | N/A | Reusable |
|
2025[127] |
| 13,400 | Expendable | ||||||||
| H3-22L | Japan
|
Mitsubishi | 63 m | N/A[32] | N/A | N/A | Expendable |
|
2020s |
| H3-24L | Japan
|
Mitsubishi | 63 m | TBA | TBA | > 6,500 to TLI | Expendable |
|
2020s |
| H3-30S | Japan
|
Mitsubishi | 57 m | N/A[32] | N/A | 4,000 to SSO | Expendable |
|
2020s |
| Jielong 4 | China
|
CALT | TBA | TBA | N/A | TBA | Expendable | TBA | 2024 |
| Kairos | Japan
|
Space One | 18 m | 250 | N/A | 150 to SSO[128] | Expendable |
|
2024 |
| KSLV-III | South Korea
|
KARI | 54m | 10,000 | 3,500 | 7,000 to SSO
1,800 to TLI |
Expendable |
|
2030 |
| Long March 6C | China
|
CALT | 43 m | 4,500 | N/A | N/A | Expendable |
|
2024 |
| Long March 8A | China
|
CALT | 50.3 m | TBA | 6,800 to SSO | N/A | Expendable |
|
2024 |
| Long March 9 | China
|
CALT | 114 m | 80,000 - 150,000[129] | 66,000 | 53,000 to TLI[129] 40,000 to TMI[130] |
Reusable |
|
2033 |
| Long March 10 | China
|
CALT | 89[lower-alpha 2] - 93.2 m[lower-alpha 3] | 70,000 | N/A | 27,000 to TLI | Expendable |
|
2027 |
| Long March 10A | China
|
CALT | 67 m | 14,000 | N/A | N/A | Reusable |
|
>2027 |
| 18,000 | Expendable | ||||||||
| Maia |  France
|
MaiaSpace | 50 m | TBA | N/A | N/A | Reusable |
|
2025 |
| Expendable | |||||||||
| Miura 5 |  Spain
|
PLD Space | 35.7 m | 840 | N/A | 540 to SSO | Reusable |
|
2026[131] |
| MLV | United States
|
Firefly Aerospace | 55.7 m | 16,000 | N/A | N/A | Expendable |
|
2025[132] |
| Nebula-1 | China
|
Deep Blue Aerospace | TBA | 1,000 | N/A | N/A | Reusable |
|
2024 |
| Neutron | United States New Zealand
|
Rocket Lab | 42.8 m | 8,000[lower-alpha 4] - 13,000 | N/A | N/A | Reusable |
|
2024[133] |
| 15,000 | Expendable | ||||||||
| New Glenn | United States
|
Blue Origin | 98 m | 45,000[134] | 13,000 | N/A | Reusable |
|
2024 |
| NGLV LEO | India
|
ISRO | 88 m | 7,700[lower-alpha 5] | N/A | N/A | Reusable |
|
TBA |
| 9,900 | Reusable | ||||||||
| 16,900 | Expendable | ||||||||
| NGLV GEO | India
|
ISRO | 92 m | N/A | 5,200 | N/A | Reusable |
|
TBA |
| 25,000 | 8,900 | Expendable | |||||||
| Nova | United States
|
Stoke Space | 28.5 m | 1,500 | N/A | N/A | Reusable |
|
TBA |
| OB-1 Mk1 | France
|
HyPrSapce | 11 m | 200 | N/A | N/A | Expendable |
|
2026[135] |
| Pallas-1 | Template:China | Galactic Energy | 42 m | 5,000 | N/A | 3,000 to SSO | Reusable |
|
2024[136] |
| Prime |  United Kingdom
|
Orbex | 19 m | 180 | N/A | 100 to SSO[lower-alpha 6][137] | Expendable |
|
2024 |
| RFA One |  Germany
|
RFA | 30 m | 1,600[138] | 450[138] | 1,300 to SSO | Expendable |
|
2024[139] |
| Rocket 4 | United States
|
Astra | 18.9 m | 500 | N/A | 350 to SSO | Expendable |
|
2024 |
| Rokot-M | Russia
|
Khrunichev | TBA | 1,950 | N/A | N/A | Expendable |
|
2024 |
| RS1 B2 | United States
|
ABL Space Systems | 27 m | 1,350[140] | 400 | 975 to SSO 750 to MEO |
Expendable |
|
2024 |
| ŞİMŞEK-1 |  Turkey
|
Roketsan | TBA | 400 | N/A | N/A | Expendable |
|
2027 |
| Siraya |  Taiwan
|
TASA | 25 m | 200 | N/A | N/A | Expendable | TBD | TBA |
| Skyrora XL | United Kingdom
|
Skyrora | 22.7 m | 315 | N/A | 315 to SSO[141] | Expendable |
|
2024 |
| SK solid fueled LV | South Korea
|
MND | 26.8 m | 1,500 | N/A | N/A | Expendable |
|
TBA |
| SLS Block 1B[lower-alpha 7] | United States
|
NASA / Boeing Northrop Grumman |
111 m | 105,000[142] | N/A | 37,000 to TLI[143] | Expendable |
|
2028 |
| SLS Block 2[lower-alpha 8] | United States
|
NASA / Boeing Northrop Grumman |
111 m | 130,000[144] | N/A | 45,000 to HCO[143] | Expendable |
|
2033 |
| SL1 | Germany
|
HyImpulse | 30 m | 500 | N/A | N/A | Expendable |
|
2025 |
| Soyuz-5 (Irtysh) | Russia
|
TsSKB-Progress RSC Energia |
61.87 m | 18,000[145] | N/A | 2,500 to GEO | Expendable |
|
2025[146] |
| Soyuz-7 (Amur) | Russia
|
JSC SRC Progress | 55 m | 10,500[147] | 2,600 | 4,700 to SSO | Reusable |
|
2028 |
| 13,600[147] | Expendable | ||||||||
| Spectrum | Germany
|
Isar Aerospace | 28 m | 1,000[148] | N/A | 700 to SSO[148] | Expendable |
|
2025[149] |
| Terran R | United States
|
Relativity Space | 82 m | 23,500 | 5,500[150] | N/A | Reusable |
|
2026[150] |
| 33,500 | Expendable | ||||||||
| Tianlong-3 | Template:China | Space Pioneer | 71 m | 17,000 | N/A | 14,000 to SSO | Reusable |
|
2024 |
| Tronador II-250 | Argentina
|
CONAE | 27 m | 500 | N/A | N/A | Expendable |
|
2030 |
| Vega-E | Europe
|
ESA ASI | 36.2 m | 3,000[151] | N/A | N/A | Expendable |
|
2026 |
| Vikram 1[152] | India
|
Skyroot Aerospace[153] | 20 m | 315 to 45º inclination 500 km LEO | N/A | 200 to 500 km SSPO | Expendable |
|
2024 |
| Vikram 2[152] | India
|
Skyroot Aerospace | TBA | 520 to 45º inclination 500 km LEO | N/A | 410 to 500 km SSPO | Expendable |
|
TBA |
| Vikram 3[152] | India
|
Skyroot Aerospace | TBA | 720 to 45º inclination 500 km LEO | N/A | 580 to 500 km SSPO | Expendable |
|
TBA |
| Volans V500 |  Singapore
|
Equatorial Space Systems | TBA | 150 | N/A | N/A | Reusable |
|
2024 |
| Vulcan Centaur VC0 | United States
|
ULA | 61.6 m | 10,800 | 3,500 | 2,300 to TLI | Reusable |
|
2020s |
| Vulcan Centaur VC4 | United States
|
ULA | 61.6 m | 24,600 | 11,700 | 4,900 to GEO 9,200 to TLI |
Reusable |
|
2020s |
| Vulcan Centaur VC6 | United States
|
ULA | 61.6 m | 27,200[154] | 14,400[154] | 6,500 to GEO 11,500 to TLI |
Reusable |
|
2020s |
| XLV-22 | Template:China | CALT | 59 m | 10,000 | N/A | 5,000 to SSO | Expendable |
|
2024 |
| Zephyr | France
|
Latitude | 17 m | 100 | N/A | 70 to SSO | Expendable |
|
2025 |
| Zero | Japan
|
Interstellar Technologies | 32 m | 800 | N/A | 250 to SSO | Expendable |
|
2025 |
| Zhuque-3 | Template:China | LandSpace | TBA | 11,000 | TBA | TBA | Reusable | TBA | 2025 |
| Zuljanah | Iran
|
Iranian Space Agency | 25.5 m | 220[155] | N/A | N/A | Expendable |
|
2020s |
- ↑ provides the first stage, including engines
- ↑ Height for uncrewed version
- ↑ Height for crewed version
- ↑ When first stage returned to launch site
- ↑ When first stage returned to launch site
- ↑ Reference altitude 500 km
- ↑ with EUS
- ↑ with EUS and
advanced boosters
Retired rockets
| Vehicle | Origin | Manufacturer | Height | Mass to ... (kg) | Reuse | Launches (+ suborbital) |
Launch Site (s) | Date of flight | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEO | GTO | Other | First | Last | |||||||
| Antares 110–130 | United States
|
Orbital | 40.5-41.9 m | 5,100[156] | 1,500 to SSO | No | 5[156] |
|
2013 | 2014 | |
| Antares 230 / 230+ | United States
|
Northrop Grumman | 42.5 m | 8,200[156] | 3,000 to SSO[lower-alpha 1] | No | 13 |
|
2016 | 2023 | |
| Ariane 1 | Europe
|
Aérospatiale | 49.1 m | 1,830[157] | No | 11[157] |
|
1979 | 1986 | ||
| Ariane 2 | Europe
|
Aérospatiale | 49.1 m | 2,270[157] | No | 6[157] |
|
1986 | 1989 | ||
| Ariane 3 | Europe
|
Aérospatiale | 49.1 m | 2,650[157] | No | 11[157] |
|
1984 | 1989 | ||
| Ariane 4 40 | Europe
|
Aérospatiale | 58.7 m | 4,600[157] | 2,105 | 2,740 to SSO | No | 7[157] |
|
1990 | 1999 |
| Ariane 4 42L | Europe
|
Aérospatiale | 58.7 m | 7,000[157] | 3,480 | 4,500 to SSO | No | 13[157] |
|
1993 | 2002 |
| Ariane 4 42P | Europe
|
Aérospatiale | 58.7 m | 6,000[157] | 2,930 | 3,400 to SSO | No | 15[157] |
|
1990 | 2002 |
| Ariane 4 44L | Europe
|
Aérospatiale | 58.7 m | 7,000[157] | 4,720 | 6,000 to SSO | No | 40[157] |
|
1989 | 2003 |
| Ariane 4 44LP | Europe
|
Aérospatiale | 58.7 m | 7,000[157] | 4,220 | 5,000 to SSO | No | 26[157] |
|
1988 | 2001 |
| Ariane 4 44P | Europe
|
Aérospatiale | 58.7 m | 6,500[157] | 3,465 | 4,100 to SSO | No | 15[157] |
|
1991 | 2001 |
| Ariane 5 G | Europe
|
EADS Astrium | 47.5 m | 18,000[158] | 6,900[158] | No | 16[158] |
|
1996 | 2003 | |
| Ariane 5 G+ | Europe
|
EADS Astrium | 48 m | 7,100[158] | No | 3[158] |
|
2004 | 2004 | ||
| Ariane 5 GS | Europe
|
EADS Astrium | 48 m | 16,000[159] | 6,600[158] | No | 6[158] |
|
2005 | 2009[160] | |
| Ariane 5 ES | Europe
|
EADS Astrium | 50.7 m | 21,000[161] | 8,000[158] | No | 8[158] |
|
2008 | 2018 | |
| Ariane 5 ECA | Europe
|
EADS Astrium | 52.6 m | 21,000[161] | 11,210[162] | No | 84 |
|
2002 | 2023 | |
| ASLV | India
|
ISRO[163] | 23.5 m | 150[164] | No | 4[164] |
|
1987 | 1994 | ||
| Athena I LLV-1 | United States
|
Lockheed Martin | 18.4 m | 500 | No | 1 |
|
1995 | 1995 | ||
| Athena I | United States
|
Lockheed Martin | 18.9 m | 795[165] | 515 | No | 3 |
|
1997 | 2001 | |
| Athena II | United States
|
Lockheed Martin | 28.2 m | 1,800[166] | No | 3[167] |
|
1998 | 1999[168] | ||
| Black Arrow | United Kingdom
|
RAE | 13 m | 73[169] | No | 2 (+2) |
|
1969[lower-alpha 2] | 1971 | ||
| Blue Scout II | United States
|
Vought | 24 m | 30 | No | 3 |
|
1961 | 1961 | ||
| Ceres-1 (1)[lower-alpha 3] | China
|
Galactic Energy | 18.5 m | 350 | No | 1 |
|
2020 | 2020 | ||
| Ceres-1 (2)[lower-alpha 3] | China
|
Galactic Energy | 19.5 m | 400 | No | 1 |
|
2021 | 2021 | ||
| Commercial Titan III | United States
|
Martin Marietta | 47.3 m | 13,100[170] | No | 4 |
|
1990 | 1992 | ||
| Conestoga 1620 | United States
|
Space Services | 15.2 m | 1179 | No | 1 |
|
1995 | 1995 | ||
| Diamant A | France
|
SEREB | 18.9 m | 80 | No | 4 |
|
1965 | 1967 | ||
| Diamant B | France
|
SEREB | 23.5 m | 115 | No | 5 |
|
1970 | 1973 | ||
| Diamant BP4 | France
|
SEREB | 21.6 m | 153 | No | 3 |
|
1975 | 1975 | ||
| Dnepr | Ukraine
|
Yuzhmash | 34.3 m | 3,700[171] | No | 22[171] |
|
1999 | 2015[172] | ||
| Energia[lower-alpha 4] |  Soviet Union
|
NPO Energia | 58.8 m | 105,000 | 20,000 to GEO[173] 32,000 to TLI[173] |
No | 1 (failed to orbit)[174] |
|
1987 | 1987 | |
| Energia-Buran | Soviet Union
|
NPO Energia NPO Molniya |
58.8 m | 30,000[173][lower-alpha 5] | Yes | 1 |
|
1988 | 1988 | ||
| Epsilon | Japan
|
IHI[19] | 24.4 m | 1,200 | N/A | style="background:#F99;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no"|Expendable | 1 |
|
2013 | 2022 | |
| Epsilon (enhanced) | Japan
|
IHI[19] | 26 m | 1,500[20] | N/A | style="background:#F99;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no"|Expendable | 6[20] |
|
|||
| Europa I | Europe
|
ELDO | 31.7 m | 1,440 | 200 | No | 3 |
|
1968 | 1970 | |
| Europa II | Europe
|
ELDO | 31.7 m | 360 | No | 1 |
|
1971 | 1971 | ||
| Falcon 1 | United States
|
SpaceX | 21 m | 470[175] | No | 5[175] |
|
2006 | 2009 | ||
| Falcon 9 v1.0 | United States
|
SpaceX | 47.8 m | 9,000 | 3,400 | No | 5 |
|
2010 | 2013 | |
| Falcon 9 v1.1 | United States
|
SpaceX | 68.4 m | 13,150[176][lower-alpha 6] | 4,850[176] | No | 15[177] |
|
2013 | 2016 | |
| Falcon 9 Full Thrust | United States
|
SpaceX | 70 m | 17,400[178] | 5,500[178] | 9,600 to polar[179] | Yes | 36 |
|
2015 | 2018 |
| 22,800[178] | 8,300[178] | No | |||||||||
| Feng Bao 1 | China
|
Shanghai Bureau No.2 | 33 m | 2,500[180] | No | 8 (+3)[181] |
|
1972 | 1981 | ||
| GSLV Mk.I(a) | India
|
ISRO | 49.1 m | 5,000[28] | 1,540[182] | No | 1[182] |
|
2001 | 2001 | |
| GSLV Mk.I(b) | India
|
ISRO | 49.1 m | 5,000[28] | 2,150[182] | No | 4[182] |
|
2003 | 2007 | |
| GSLV Mk.I(c) | India
|
ISRO | 49.1 m | 5,000[28] | No | 1[182] |
|
2010 | 2010 | ||
| H-I | Japan United States
|
Mitsubishi | 42 m | 1,400[183] | No | 9 |
|
1986 | 1992 | ||
| H-II / IIS | Japan
|
Mitsubishi | 49 m | 10,060[184] | 4,000[185] | No | 7[185] |
|
1994 | 1999 | |
| H-IIA 204 | Japan
|
Mitsubishi | 53 m | 15,000 | 5,950[30]:48 | No | 5[31] |
|
2006 | 2021 | |
| H-IIA 2022 | Japan
|
Mitsubishi | 53 m | 4,500[31] | No | 3[31] |
|
2005 | 2007 | ||
| H-IIA 2024 | Japan
|
Mitsubishi | 57 m | 11,000[186] | 5,000[31] | No | 7[31] |
|
2002 | 2008 | |
| H-IIB | Japan
|
Mitsubishi | 56.6 m | 16,500 (ISS)[187] | 8,000 | No | 8[188] |
|
2009 | 2020 | |
| Hyperbola-1 (1)[lower-alpha 7] | China
|
i-Space | 20.9 m | 260 | No | 1 |
|
2019 | 2019 | ||
| Juno I | United States
|
Chrysler | 21.2 m | 11 | No | 1 |
|
1958 | 1959 | ||
| Juno II | United States
|
Chrysler | 24 m | 41 | 6 to TLI | No | 10 |
|
1958 | 1961 | |
| Kaituozhe-1 | China
|
CALT | 13.6 m | 40 | No | 2 |
|
2002 | 2003 | ||
| Kaituozhe-2 | China
|
CASC | 16.8 m | 800[189] | No | 1[189] |
|
2017 | 2017 | ||
| Kosmos | Soviet Union
|
NPO Polyot | 29.6 m | 350 | No | 38 |
|
1961 | 1967 | ||
| Kosmos-1 | Soviet Union
|
NPO Polyot | 26.3 m | 1,400 | No | 8 |
|
1964 | 1965 | ||
| Kosmos-2 | Soviet Union
|
NPO Polyot | 31 m | 300 | No | 127 |
|
1965 | 1977 | ||
| Kosmos-3 | Soviet Union
|
NPO Polyot | 32.4 m | 1,400 | No | 6 |
|
1966 | 1968 | ||
| Kosmos-3M | Soviet Union Russia
|
NPO Polyot | 32.4 m | 1,500[190] | No | 445 |
|
1967 | 2010 | ||
| Kosmos-3MRB | Soviet Union
|
NPO Polyot | 32.4 m | 1,500 | No | 10 |
|
1980 | 1988 | ||
| Lambda 4S | Japan
|
Nissan Motors[191] | 16.5 m | 26[192] | No | 5 |
|
1966 | 1970 | ||
| LauncherOne | United States
|
Virgin Orbit | 21.3 m | 500 | 300 to SSO | No | 6 |
|
2020 | 2023 | |
| Long March 1 | China
|
CALT | 29.9 m | 300[193] | No | 2[194] |
|
1970 | 1971 | ||
| Long March 1D | China
|
CALT | 28.2 m | 740[195] | No | 0 (+3)[194] |
|
1995[lower-alpha 8] | 2002 | ||
| Long March 2A | China
|
CALT | 32 m | 2,000[196] | No | 4[46] |
|
1974 | 1978 | ||
| Long March 2E | China
|
CALT | 49.7 m | 9,200[46] | No | 7[46] |
|
1990 | 1995 | ||
| Long March 3 | China
|
CALT | 43.3 m | 5,000[49] | No | 13[49] |
|
1984 | 2000 | ||
| Long March 3B | China
|
CALT | 54.8 m | 11,200[197] | 5,100 | 5,700 to SSO | No | 12[49] |
|
1996 | 2012 |
| Long March 4A | China
|
CALT | 41.9 m | 4,000 | No | 2[50] |
|
1988 | 1990 | ||
| M-V | Japan
|
Nissan Motors[191] (1997–2000) IHI Aerospace[19] (2000–2006) |
30.8 m | 1,850[192] | No | 7 |
|
1997 | 2006 | ||
| Molniya | Soviet Union
|
RSC Energia | 43.4 m | 1,800[198] | No | 40[199] |
|
1960 | 1967 | ||
| Molniya-M | Soviet Union Russia
|
RSC Energia | 43.4 m | 2,400[200] | No | 280[201] |
|
1965 | 2010 | ||
| Mu-4S | Japan
|
Nissan Motors[191] | 23.6 m | 180[192] | No | 4 |
|
1971 | 1972 | ||
| Mu-3C | Japan
|
Nissan Motors[191] | 20.2 m | 195[192] | No | 4 |
|
1974 | 1979 | ||
| Mu-3H | Japan
|
Nissan Motors[191] | 23.8 m | 300[192] | No | 3 |
|
1977 | 1978 | ||
| Mu-3S | Japan
|
Nissan Motors[191] | 23.8 m | 300[192] | No | 4 |
|
1980 | 1984 | ||
| Mu-3SII | Japan
|
Nissan Motors[191] | 27.8 m | 770[192] | No | 8 |
|
1985 | 1995 | ||
| N1 | Soviet Union
|
NPO Energia | 105.3 m | 95,000[202][203][204][lower-alpha 9] | No | 4[205] |
|
1969 | 1972 | ||
| N-I | Japan United States
|
Mitsubishi | 34 m | 1,200[206] | No | 7 |
|
1975 | 1982 | ||
| N-II | Japan United States
|
Mitsubishi | 35 m | 2,000[207] | No | 8 |
|
1981 | 1987 | ||
| Naro-1 | South Korea Russia
|
KARI Khrunichev | 33 m | 100[208] | No | 3 |
|
2009 | 2013 | ||
| OS-M1 | China
|
OneSpace | 19 m | 205[209] | 143 to SSO | No | 1 |
|
2019[210][lower-alpha 10] | 2019 | |
| Paektusan-1 | North Korea
|
KCST | 25.8 m | 20 | No | 1 |
|
1998 | 1998 | ||
| Pegasus | United States
|
Northrop Grumman | 15.4 m | 455 | No | 6 |
|
1990 | 1994 | ||
| Pegasus H | United States
|
Northrop Grumman | 15.4 m | 544 | No | 4 |
|
1995 | 2000 | ||
| Pilot II | United States
|
United States Navy | 4.4 m | N/A | 1.05 to MEO | No | 10 |
|
1958 | 1958 | |
| Polyot | Soviet Union
|
RSC Energia | 30 m | 1,400 | No | 2 |
|
1963 | 1964 | ||
| Proton (UR-500) | Soviet Union
|
Khrunichev | 39.8 m | 12,200 | No | 4 |
|
1965 | 1966 | ||
| Proton-K | Soviet Union Russia
|
Khrunichev | 50 m | 19,760[212] | 4,930[213] | No | 311[214] |
|
1965 | 2012 | |
| PSLV-G | India
|
ISRO | 44 m | 3,200[81] | 1,050 | 1,600 to SSO | No | 12[81] |
|
1993 | 2016[215] |
| Rocket 3.0 | United States
|
Astra | 11.6 m | 100 | No | 1 |
|
2020 | 2020 | ||
| Rocket 3.1 | United States
|
Astra | 11.6 m | 100 | No | 1 |
|
2020 | 2020 | ||
| Rocket 3.2 | United States
|
Astra | 11.6 m | 100 | No | 1 |
|
2020 | 2020 | ||
| Rocket 3.3 | United States
|
Astra | 13.1 m | 150 to SSO | No | 5 |
|
2021 | 2022 | ||
| Rokot-K | Russia
|
Khrunichev | 25.5 m | No | 4 |
|
1990 | 1999 | |||
| Rokot-KM | Russia
|
Khrunichev | 29.1 m | 1,950[216] | 1,200 to SSO | No | 31 |
|
2000 | 2019 | |
| RS1 B1 | United States
|
ABL Space Systems | 27 m | 1,350[140] | 400 | 975 to SSO 750 to MEO |
No | 1 |
|
2023[217] | 2023 |
| Safir-1 | Iran
|
Iranian Space Agency | 22.6 m | 27 | No | 2 |
|
2008 | 2009 | ||
| Safir-1A | Iran
|
Iranian Space Agency | 22.6 m | 15 | No | 1 |
|
2011 | 2011 | ||
| Safir-1B | Iran
|
Iranian Space Agency | 22.6 m | 50 | No | 1 |
|
2012 | 2012 | ||
| Safir-1B+ | Iran
|
Iranian Space Agency | 22.6 m | 52 | No | 5 |
|
2012 | 2019 | ||
| Saturn I | United States
|
Chrysler (S-I) Douglas (S-IV) |
50-57.4 m | 9,000[218] | No | 10[219] |
|
1961 | 1965[219] | ||
| Saturn IB | United States
|
Chrysler (S-IB) Douglas (S-IVB) |
56.1-68.1 m | 18,600[220] | No | 9[221] |
|
1966 | 1975 | ||
| Saturn V | United States
|
Boeing (S-IC) North American (S-II) Douglas (S-IVB) |
110.6 m | 47,000 to TLI[222] | No | 13[223][224][lower-alpha 11] |
|
1967 | 1973 | ||
| Scout X-1 | United States
|
Vought | 21.8 m | 59 | No | 4 |
|
1960 | 1961 | ||
| Scout X-2 | United States
|
Vought | 21.8 m | 76 | No | 1 |
|
1962 | 1962 | ||
| Scout X-2M | United States
|
Vought | 21.8 m | 76 | No | 3 |
|
1962 | 1963 | ||
| Scout X-2B | United States
|
Vought | 21.8 m | 76 | No | 1 |
|
1963 | 1963 | ||
| Scout X-3 | United States
|
Vought | 21.8 m | 87 | No | 5 |
|
1962 | 1964 | ||
| Scout X-3M | United States
|
Vought | 21.8 m | 87 | No | 1 |
|
1963 | 1963 | ||
| Scout X-4 | United States
|
Vought | 22.8 m | 103 | No | 11 |
|
1963 | 1965 | ||
| Scout A | United States
|
NASA | 22.8 m | 110 | No | 11 |
|
1965 | 1970 | ||
| Scout A-1 | United States
|
NASA | 22.8 m | 122 | No | 1 |
|
1973 | 1973 | ||
| Scout B | United States
|
NASA | 22.8 m | 110 | No | 20 |
|
1965 | 1971 | ||
| Scout B-1 | United States
|
NASA | 22.8 m | 143 | No | 5 |
|
1971 | 1976 | ||
| Scout D-1 | United States
|
NASA | 22.9 m | 182 | No | 14 |
|
1972 | 1979 | ||
| Scout E-1 | United States
|
NASA | 22.8 m | 193 | No | 1 |
|
1974 | 1974 | ||
| Scout F-1 | United States
|
NASA | 22.9 m | 192 | No | 2 |
|
1975 | 1975 | ||
| Scout G-1 | United States
|
NASA | 22.9 m | 208 | No | 18 |
|
1979 | 1994 | ||
| Shavit | Israel
|
IAI | 17.7 m | 160 | No | 2 |
|
1988 | 1990 | ||
| Shavit-1 | Israel
|
IAI | 19.7 m | 225 | No | 4 |
|
1995 | 2004 | ||
| Shtil-1 | Russia
|
Makeyev | 14.8 m | 280–420[225] | No | 2[226] |
|
1998 | 2006 | ||
| SLV-3 | India
|
ISRO | 22 m | 40[227] | No | 4[227] |
|
1979 | 1983[227] | ||
| Soyuz | Soviet Union
|
RSC Energia | 45.6 m | 6,450 | No | 31[228] |
|
1966 | 1976 | ||
| Soyuz-FG | Russia
|
TsSKB-Progress | 49.5 m | 6,900[229] | No | 70[230][231] |
|
2001 | 2019 | ||
| Soyuz-L | Soviet Union
|
RSC Energia | 50 m | 5,500 | No | 3[232] |
|
1970 | 1971 | ||
| Soyuz-M | Soviet Union
|
RSC Energia | 50 m | 6,600 | No | 8[233] |
|
1971 | 1976 | ||
| Soyuz ST-A | Russia Europe
|
TsSKB-Progress Arianespace |
46.3 m | 7,800 from Kourou[234] | 2,810 with Fregat[235] | No | 9[230] |
|
2011 | 2021 | |
| Soyuz ST-B | Russia Europe
|
TsSKB-Progress Arianespace |
46.3 m | 9,000 from Kourou[236] | 3,250 with Fregat[235] | 4,400 to SSO[237] | No | 18[230] |
|
2011 | 2022 |
| Soyuz-U | Soviet Union Russia
|
TsSKB-Progress | 51.1 m | 6,650 from Baikonour[238] 6,150 from Plesetsk[238] |
No | 786[230][239][240] |
|
1973 | 2017 | ||
| Soyuz-U2 | Soviet Union Russia
|
TsSKB-Progress | 34.5 m | 7,050 | No | 72[241] |
|
1982 | 1995 | ||
| Space Shuttle | United States
|
ATK (SRBs) Martin Marietta (External tank) Rockwell (Orbiter) |
56.1 m | 24,400[lower-alpha 5] |
|
3,550 to escape with IUS[242] | Yes | 135[244] |
|
1981 | 2011 |
| SPARK | United States
|
UHAerojet RocketdyneSandia | 17 m | 300 | No | 1 |
|
2015 | 2015 | ||
| Sparta | United States
|
ABMA/Chrysler | 21.8 m | 45 | No | 10 |
|
1966 | 1967 | ||
| Sputnik 8K71PS | Soviet Union
|
RSC Energia | 30 m | 500[245] | No | 2 |
|
1957 | 1957 | ||
| Sputnik 8A91 | Soviet Union
|
RSC Energia | 31.1 m | 1,327 | No | 2 |
|
1958 | 1958 | ||
| SS-520 | Japan
|
IHI Aerospace | 9.5 m | 4[246] | No | 2[247] |
|
2017[248][lower-alpha 12] | 2018 | ||
| Start-1 | Russia
|
MITT | 22.7 m | 532 | 250 to SSO | No | 5[249] |
|
1993 | 2006 | |
| Start-1.2 | Russia
|
MITT | 22.7 m | 250-300 to SSO | No | 1 |
|
1997 | 1997 | ||
| Start | Russia
|
MITT | 28.9 m | 300 to SSO | No | 1 |
|
1995 | 1995 | ||
| Strela | Russia
|
Khrunichev | 24-
27.4 m |
1,400[250] | No | 3[251] |
|
2003 | 2014 | ||
| Taurus-1110 | United States
|
Orbital
Sciences, Orbital ATK |
28.2 m | 1180 | 370 | 750 to SSO | No | 3 |
|
1994 | 2000 |
| Taurus-2110 | United States
|
Orbital
Sciences, Orbital ATK |
29.1 m | 1250 | 375 | 900 to SSO | No | 2 |
|
1999 | 2001 |
| Taurus-2210 | United States
|
Orbital
Sciences, Orbital ATK |
30.9 m | 1050 | 700 to SSO | No | 1 |
|
1998 | 1998 | |
| Taurus-3110 | United States
|
Orbital
Sciences, Orbital ATK |
30.1 m | 1450 | 445 | 1,050 to SSO | No | 2 |
|
2009 | 2011 |
| Taurus-3210[68] | United States
|
Northrop Grumman | 27.9 m | 1,458[69] | N/A | 1,054 to SSO[lower-alpha 13] | No | 1 |
|
2004 | 2004 |
| Terran 1 | United States
|
Relativity Space | 35.2 m | 1,250[252] | 900 to SSO | No | 1 |
|
2023 | 2023 | |
| Titan II GLV | United States
|
Martin Marietta | 33 m | 3,600[253] | No | 11 (+1) |
|
1964 | 1966 | ||
| Titan II(23)G | United States
|
Martin Marietta | 31.4 m | 3,600[254] | No | 13 |
|
1988 | 2003 | ||
| Titan IIIA | United States
|
Martin Marietta | 38.5 m | 3,500 | No | 4 |
|
1964 | 1965 | ||
| Titan IIIB | United States
|
Martin Marietta | 42 m | 3,300 | No | 22 |
|
1966 | 1969 | ||
| Titan III(23)B | United States
|
Martin Marietta | 42 m | 3,350 | No | 9 |
|
1969 | 1971 | ||
| Titan III(33)B | United States
|
Martin Marietta | 42 m | N/A | 4,500 | No | 3 |
|
1971 | 1973 | |
| Titan III(24)B | United States
|
Martin Marietta | 44 m | 4,500 | No | 23 |
|
1971 | 1984 | ||
| Titan III(34)B | United States
|
Martin Marietta | 45.3 m | N/A | No | 11 |
|
1975 | 1987 | ||
| Titan IIIC | United States
|
Martin Marietta | 41 m | 11,500 | 3,000 | No | 14 |
|
1965 | 1970 | |
| Titan III(23)C | United States
|
Martin Marietta | 42.5 m | 13,100[255] | 3,000 | No | 22 |
|
1970 | 1982 | |
| Titan IIID | United States
|
Martin Marietta | 36 m | 12,300[256] | No | 22 |
|
1971 | 1982 | ||
| Titan IIIE | United States
|
Martin Marietta | 48.8 m | 15,400[257] | No | 7 |
|
1974 | 1977 | ||
| Titan 34D | United States
|
Martin Marietta | 44.5 m | 14,350 | 3,600 | No | 15 |
|
1982 | 1989 | |
| Titan IVA | United States
|
Martin Marietta | 51.36 m(standard) | 17,110[258] | 4,944 with IUS | 14,090 to SSO[258]
4,536 to GSO with Centaur 3,550 to escape with IUS |
No | 22[259] |
|
1989 | 1998 |
| Titan IVB | United States
|
Lockheed Martin | 51.36 m(standard) | 21,682[260] | 5,761[260] (9,000 with upper stage) |
No | 17[259] |
|
1997 | 2005 | |
| Tysklon-2
(R-36-O) |
Soviet Union
|
Yuzhmash | 32 m | 3,350 | No | 18 |
|
1965 | 1971 | ||
| Tsyklon-2A | Soviet Union
|
Yuzhmash | 39.7 m | 3,350[261] | No | 8[262] |
|
1967 | 1969 | ||
| Tsyklon-2M | Soviet Union Ukraine
|
Yuzhmash | 39.7 m | 2,820[263] | No | 106[264] |
|
1969 | 2006[264] | ||
| Tsyklon-3 | Soviet Union Ukraine
|
Yuzhmash | 39.3 m | 1,920[265] | No | 122[266] |
|
1977 | 2009[266] | ||
| Unha-2 | North Korea
|
KCST | 29.5 m | 80 | No | 1 |
|
2009 | 2009 | ||
| Unha-3 | North Korea
|
KCST | 30 m | 110 | No | 4[267] |
|
2009[lower-alpha 14] | 2016 | ||
| Vanguard | United States
|
Martin | 22.1 m | 9[268] | No | 10 (+1) |
|
1957 | 1959 | ||
| Vanguard SLV-7 | United States
|
Martin | 21.6 m | 20 | No | 1 |
|
1959 | 1959 | ||
| VLS-1 |  Brazil
|
AEB, IAE | 19.5 m | 380[269] | No | 2[lower-alpha 15] |
|
1997 | 2003 | ||
| Volna-O | Russia
|
Makeyev | 14.2 m | 100[270] | No | 1 (+5)[226] |
|
1995[lower-alpha 16] | 2005[226] | ||
| Voskhod | Soviet Union
|
RSC Energia | 44.1 m | 5,680 | No | 299 |
|
1963 | 1976 | ||
| Vostok-L (Luna) | Soviet Union
|
RSC Energia | 30.8 m | 4,000 | 400 to TLI | No | 9 |
|
1958 | 1960 | |
| Vostok (Korabl) | Soviet Union
|
RSC Energia | 38.4 m | 4,550 | 390 to TLI[271] | No | 4 |
|
1960 | 1960 | |
| Vostok-K | Soviet Union
|
RSC Energia | 30.8 m | 2,460[272] | No | 16 |
|
1960 | 1964 | ||
| Vostok-2 | Soviet Union
|
RSC Energia | 30.8 m | 4,730[272] | No | 45 |
|
1962 | 1967 | ||
| Vostok-2M | Soviet Union
|
RSC Energia | 38.8 m | 1,300[273] | No | 93 |
|
1964 | 1991 | ||
| Soyuz/Vostok | Soviet Union
|
RSC Energia | 31 m | 6,000[274] | No | 2 |
|
1965 | 1966 | ||
| Zenit-2 | Soviet Union Ukraine
|
Yuzhnoye | 57 m | 13,740[275] | No | 36[276] |
|
1985 | 2004[277] | ||
| Zenit-2FG | Ukraine
|
Yuzhnoye | 57 m | No | 1 |
|
2011 | 2011 | |||
| Zenit-2M | Ukraine
|
Yuzhnoye | 57 m | 13,920[275] | No | 1 |
|
2007 | 2007 | ||
| Zenit-3F | Ukraine
|
Yuzhnoye | 59.6 m | 1,740 to GEO[278] | No | 4[279] |
|
2011 | 2017 | ||
| Zenit-3SL | Ukraine
|
Yuzhmash RSC Energia |
59.6 m | 7,000[279] | 6,160 | No | 36[279] |
|
1999 | 2014 | |
| Zenit-3SLB | Ukraine
|
Yuzhmash RSC Energia |
59.5 m | 3,750[279] | No | 6[279] |
|
2008 | 2013 | ||
| Zhuque-1 | China
|
LandSpace | 19 m | 300[280] | 200 to SSO | No | 1[281] |
|
2018[281] | 2018 | |
Retired Atlas rockets
| Vehicle | Origin | Manufacturer | Height | Mass to ... (kg) | Reuse | Launches (+ suborbital) |
Launch Site (s) | Date of flight | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEO | GTO | Other | First | Last | |||||||
| Atlas-Able | United States
|
General Dynamics | 28 m | ~175 to TLI | No | 3 |
|
1959 | 1960 | ||
| Atlas-Agena | United States
|
Convair/General Dynamics | 36 m | 1,000 | 390 to TLI | No | 109 |
|
1960 | 1978 | |
| Atlas-Centaur | United States
|
Lockheed | 36.2-38.8 m | 1,134[282] | 2,222[283] | No | 148 |
|
1962 | 1983 | |
| Atlas B | United States
|
Lockheed Martin | 24.9 m | ~4,000 | No | 10 |
|
1958 | 1959 | ||
| Atlas-D OV1 | United States
|
Convair/General Dynamics | 25.9 m | 1,400 | No | 7 |
|
1965 | 1967 | ||
| Atlas E/F-Agena | United States
|
Convair/General Dynamics/Lockheed | 34 m | 1,000 | 390 to TLI | No | 1 |
|
1978 | 1978 | |
| Atlas E/F-Altair-3A | United States
|
Convair/General Dynamics | 27.3 m | 210 | No | 1 |
|
1990 | 1990 | ||
| Atlas E/F-Burner-2 | United States
|
Convair/General Dynamics | 28.9 m | 950 | No | 1 |
|
1972 | 1972 | ||
| Atlas E/F-MSD | United States
|
Convair/General Dynamics | 27.3 m | 800 | No | 4 |
|
1976 | 1980 | ||
| Atlas E/F-OIS | United States
|
Convair/General Dynamics | 28.7 m | 870 | No | 2 |
|
1979 | 1985 | ||
| Atlas E/F-OV1 | United States
|
Convair/General Dynamics | 26.5 m | 363 | No | 4 |
|
1968 | 1971 | ||
| Atlas E/F-PTS | United States
|
Convair/General Dynamics | 26.5 m | 295 | No | 1 |
|
1974 | 1974 | ||
| Atlas E/F-SGS-1 | United States
|
Convair/General Dynamics | 29 m | 450 | No | 8 |
|
1977 | 1981 | ||
| Atlas E/F-SGS-2 | United States
|
Convair/General Dynamics | 29 m | 770 | No | 4 |
|
1983 | 1985 | ||
| Atlas E/F-Star-17A | United States
|
Convair/General Dynamics | 27.4 m | N/A | 800 to MPEO | No | 1 |
|
1975 | 1975 | |
| Atlas E/F-Star-37S | United States
|
Convair/General Dynamics | 29 m | N/A | 1,100 to SSO | No | 19 |
|
1978 | 1995 | |
| Atlas-F Agena-D | United States
|
Convair/General Dynamics | 34 m | N/A | 2,300 to Polar | No | 1 |
|
1978 | 1978 | |
| Atlas G | United States
|
Lockheed | 43.9 m | 5,900[284] | 2,222 | 1,179 to HCO[284] | No | 7[284] |
|
1984 | 1989 |
| Atlas H MSD | United States
|
Lockheed | 27 m | 3,630[285] | No | 5 |
|
1983 | 1987 | ||
| Atlas LV-3B | United States
|
Convair | 28.7 m | 1,360 | No | 9 |
|
1960 | 1963 | ||
| Atlas SLV-3 | United States
|
Convair | 33.3 m | No | 63 |
|
1966 | 1983 | |||
| Atlas SLV-3 Burner-2 | United States
|
Convair | 30.3 m | ~1,000 | No | 1 |
|
1968 | 1968 | ||
| Atlas I | United States
|
Lockheed Martin | 43.9 m | 5,900[284] | 2,340[284] | No | 11[284] |
|
1990 | 1997 | |
| Atlas II | United States
|
Lockheed Martin | 47.5 m | 6,780[284] | 2,810 | 2,000 to HCO[284] | No | 10[284] |
|
1991 | 1998 |
| Atlas IIA | United States
|
Lockheed Martin | 47.5 m | 7,316[284] | 3,180 | 2,160 to HCO[284] | No | 23[284] |
|
1992 | 2002 |
| Atlas IIAS | United States
|
Lockheed Martin | 49 m | 8,618[284] | 3,833 | 2,680 to HCO[284] | No | 30[284] |
|
1993 | 2004 |
| Atlas IIIA | United States
|
Lockheed Martin | 52.5 m | 8,686[284] | 4,060 | 2,970 to HCO[284] | No | 2[284] |
|
2000 | 2004 |
| Atlas IIIB/DEC | United States
|
Lockheed Martin | 53.7 m | 10,759[284] | 4,609[284] | No | 1[284] |
|
2002 | 2002 | |
| Atlas IIIB/SEC | United States
|
Lockheed Martin | 54.7 m | 10,218[286] | 4,193[284] | No | 3[284] |
|
2003 | 2005 | |
| Atlas V 401 | United States
|
ULA | 57.3 m | 9,050[5] | 4,950 | 6,670 to SSO | No | 41[5] |
|
2002 | 2022 |
| Atlas V 411 | United States
|
ULA | 58.2 m | 9,050[5] | 6,075 | 8,495 to SSO | No | 6[5] |
|
2006 | 2020 |
| Atlas V 421 | United States
|
ULA | 59.1 m | 9,050[5] | 7,000 | 9,050 to SSO | No | 9[5] |
|
2007 | 2022 |
| Atlas V 431 | United States
|
ULA | 59.1 m | 9,050[5] | 7,800 | 9,050 to SSO | No | 3[5] |
|
2005 | 2016 |
| Atlas V 501 | United States
|
ULA | 62.5 m | 8,250[5] | 3,970 | 5,945 to SSO 1,500 to GEO |
No | 8[5] |
|
2010 | 2023 |
| Atlas V 511 | United States
|
ULA | 62.5 m | 11,000[5] | 5,250 | 7,820 to SSO 1,750 to GEO |
No | 1[287] |
|
2022 | 2022 |
| Atlas V 521 | United States
|
ULA | 59.7 m | 13,300[5] | 6,485 | 9,585 to SSO 2,760 to GEO |
No | 2[5] |
|
2003 | 2004 |
| Atlas V 531 | United States
|
ULA | 59.7 m | 15,300[5] | 7,425 | 11,160 to SSO 3,250 to GEO |
No | 5[5] |
|
2010 | 2022 |
| Atlas V 541 | United States
|
ULA | 59.7 m | 17,100[5] | 8,240 | 12,435 to SSO 3,730 to GEO |
No | 9[5] |
|
2011 | 2022 |
Retired Delta rockets
| Vehicle | Origin | Manufacturer | Height | Mass to ... (kg) | Reuse | Launches (+ suborbital) |
Launch Site (s) | Date of flight | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEO | GTO | Other | First | Last | |||||||
| Delta 0300 | United States
|
McDonnell Douglas | 34 m | 340[288] | 747 to SSO[289] | No | 3[290] |
|
1972 | 1973[291] | |
| Delta 0900 | United States
|
McDonnell Douglas | 34 m | 1,300[292] | 818 to SSO[290] | No | 2[290] |
|
1972 | 1972 | |
| Delta 1410 | United States
|
McDonnell Douglas | 35.2 m | 340[293] | No | 1[290] |
|
1975 | 1975 | ||
| Delta 1604 | United States
|
McDonnell Douglas | 35.2 m | 390[294] | No | 2[290] |
|
1972 | 1973 | ||
| Delta 1900 | United States
|
McDonnell Douglas | 35.2 m | 1,800[290] | No | 1[290] |
|
1973 | 1973 | ||
| Delta 1910 | United States
|
McDonnell Douglas | 35.2 m | 1,066[295] | No | 1[290] |
|
1975 | 1975 | ||
| Delta 1913 | United States
|
McDonnell Douglas | 35.2 m | 328[296] | No | 1[290] |
|
1973 | 1973 | ||
| Delta 1914 | United States
|
McDonnell Douglas | 35.2 m | 680[297] | No | 2[290] |
|
1972 | 1973 | ||
| Delta 2310 | United States
|
McDonnell Douglas | 35.2 m | 336[298] | No | 3[290] |
|
1974 | 1981 | ||
| Delta 2313 | United States
|
McDonnell Douglas | 35.2 m | 243 to GEO[299] | No | 3[290] |
|
1974 | 1977 | ||
| Delta 2910 | United States
|
McDonnell Douglas | 35.2 m | 1,887[290] | No | 6[290] |
|
1975 | 1978 | ||
| Delta 2913 | United States
|
McDonnell Douglas | 35.2 m | 2,000[300] | 700[300] | No | 6[290] |
|
1975 | 1976 | |
| Delta 2914 | United States
|
McDonnell Douglas | 35.2 m | 724[290] | No | 30[290] |
|
1974 | 1979 | ||
| Delta 3910 | United States
|
McDonnell Douglas | 35.2 m | 2,494[290] | 1,154 with PAM-D | No | 10[290] |
|
1980 | 1988 | |
| Delta 3913 | United States
|
McDonnell Douglas | 35.2 m | 816[301] | No | 1[290] |
|
1981 | 1981 | ||
| Delta 3914 | United States
|
McDonnell Douglas | 35.2 m | 954[290] | No | 13[290] |
|
1975 | 1987 | ||
| Delta 3920 | United States
|
McDonnell Douglas | 35.2 m | 3,452[290] | 1,284 with PAM-D | No | 10[290] |
|
1982 | 1989 | |
| Delta 3924 | United States
|
McDonnell Douglas | 35.2 m | 1,104[290] | No | 4[290] |
|
1982 | 1984 | ||
| Delta 4925 | United States
|
McDonnell Douglas | 35.2 m | 3,400[302] | 1,312[290] | No | 2[290] |
|
1989 | 1990 | |
| Delta 5920 | United States
|
McDonnell Douglas | 35.2 m | 3,848[303] | No | 1[290] |
|
1989 | 1989 | ||
| Delta II 6920 | United States
|
McDonnell Douglas | 38.8 m | 3,983[290] | No | 3[290] |
|
1990 | 1992 | ||
| Delta II 6925 | United States
|
McDonnell Douglas | 39.4 m | 1,447 | 1,447[290] | No | 14[290] |
|
1989 | 1992 | |
| Delta II 7320 | United States
|
Boeing IDS / ULA | 38.9 m | 2,865[290] | 1,651 to SSO | No | 12[290] |
|
1999 | 2015 | |
| Delta II 7326 | United States
|
Boeing IDS | 38.4 m | 934[290] | 636 to TLI 629 to HCO |
No | 3[290] |
|
1998 | 2001 | |
| Delta II 7420 | United States
|
ULA | 39 m | 3,185[290] | 1,966 to SSO | No | 14[290] |
|
1998 | 2018 | |
| Delta II 7425 | United States
|
Boeing IDS | 39 m | 1,100[290] | 804 to HCO | No | 4[290] |
|
1998 | 2002 | |
| Delta II 7426 | United States
|
Boeing IDS | 39 m | 1,058[290] | 734 to TLI 711 to HCO |
No | 1[290] |
|
1999 | 1999 | |
| Delta II 7920 | United States
|
Boeing IDS / ULA | 39.4 m | 5,030[290] | 3,123 to SSO | No | 29[290] |
|
1998 | 2017 | |
| Delta II 7925 | United States
|
Boeing IDS / ULA | 39.4 m | 1,819[290] | 1,177 to TLI 1,265 to HCO |
No | 69[290] |
|
1990 | 2009 | |
| Delta II-H 7920H | United States
|
Boeing IDS / ULA | 39 m | 6,097[290] | No | 3[290] |
|
2003 | 2011 | ||
| Delta II-H 7925H | United States
|
Boeing IDS / ULA | 39.8 m | 2,171 | 1,508 to HCO[290] | No | 3[290] |
|
2003 | 2007 | |
| Delta III 8930 | United States
|
Boeing IDS | 39 m | 8,292[290] | 3,810 | No | 3[290] |
|
1998 | 2000 | |
| Delta IV M | United States
|
Boeing IDS | 61.3 m | 9,440[15] | 4,440 | 7,690 to polar | No | 3[16] |
|
2003 | 2006 |
| Delta IV M+(4,2) | United States
|
ULA | 61.3 m | 13,140[15] | 6,390 | 10,250 to polar | No | 14[16] |
|
2002 | 2019 |
| Delta IV M+(5,2) | United States
|
ULA | 65.5 m | 11,470[15] | 5,490 | 9,600 to polar | No | 3[16] |
|
2012 | 2018 |
| Delta IV M+(5,4) | United States
|
ULA | 65.5 m | 14,140[15] | 7,300 | 11,600 to polar | No | 8[16] |
|
2009 | 2019 |
Retired Thor rockets
| Vehicle | Origin | Manufacturer | Height | Mass to ... (kg) | Reuse | Launches (+ suborbital) |
Launch Site (s) | Date of flight | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEO | GTO | Other | First | Last | |||||||
| Thor-Able I | United States
|
Douglas/Aerojet | 26.9 m | 250 | No | 3 |
|
1958 | 1958 | ||
| Thor-Able II | United States
|
Douglas/Aerojet | 27.3 m | 270 | No | 4 |
|
1959 | 1960 | ||
| Thor-Able III | United States
|
Douglas/Aerojet | 27.4 m | ~64 to HEO | No | 1 |
|
1959 | 1959 | ||
| Thor-Able IV | United States
|
Douglas/Aerojet | 27.2 m | ~43 to Heliocentric | No | 1 |
|
1960 | 1960 | ||
| Thor Agena-A | United States
|
Douglas/Lockheed | 22.7 m | 860 | No | 16 |
|
1959 | 1960 | ||
| Thor Agena-B | United States
|
Douglas/Lockheed | 26.3 m | 1,200 | No | 21 |
|
1962 | 1965 | ||
| Thor Agena-D | United States
|
Douglas/Lockheed | 29.3 m | 1,150 | No | 22 |
|
1962 | 1967 | ||
| Thorad SLV-2G Agena D | United States
|
Douglas/Lockheed | 32.9 m | 2,000 | No | 30 |
|
1966 | 1971 | ||
| Thorad SLV-2H Agena D | United States
|
Douglas/Lockheed | 34 m | 2,000 | No | 13 |
|
1969 | 1972 | ||
| Thor-Burner-1 MG-18 | United States
|
Douglas | 23 m | 770 | 150-300 to MEO | No | 2 |
|
1965 | 1965 | |
| Thor-Burner-1 Altair-3 | United States
|
Douglas | ~24 m | >73 | No | 4 |
|
1965 | 1966 | ||
| Thor-Burner-2 | United States
|
Douglas | 22.4 m | 250 to MEO | No | 12 |
|
1966 | 1971 | ||
| Thor-Burner-2A | United States
|
Douglas | 23.5 m | 300 to MEO | No | 8 |
|
1971 | 1976 | ||
| Thor-Delta | United States
|
Douglas | 31 m | 226 | 45 | No | 12 |
|
1960 | 1962 | |
| Thor-Delta A | United States
|
Douglas | 31 m | 250 | 68 | No | 2 |
|
1962 | 1962 | |
| Thor-Delta B | United States
|
Douglas | 31 m | 370 | 68 | No | 9 |
|
1962 | 1964 | |
| Thor-Delta C | United States
|
Douglas | 27.5 m | 81 | No | 11 |
|
1963 | 1967 | ||
| Thor-Delta C1 | United States
|
Douglas | 27.5 m | 81 | No | 2 |
|
1966 | 1969 | ||
| Thor-Delta D | United States
|
Douglas | 32 m | 450 | 104 | No | 2 |
|
1964 | 1965 | |
| Thor-Delta E | United States
|
Douglas | 31 m | 540 | 150 | No | 6 |
|
1965 | 1967 | |
| Thor-Delta E1 | United States
|
Douglas | 28 m | 540 | 205 | No | 17 |
|
1966 | 1971 | |
| Thor-Delta G | United States
|
Douglas | 30 m | 650 | No | 2 |
|
1966 | 1967 | ||
| Thor-Delta J | United States
|
Douglas | 31 m | 260 | 263 | No | 1 |
|
1968 | 1968 | |
| Thor-Delta L | United States
|
Douglas | 35 m | 356 | 300 | No | 2 |
|
1969 | 1972 | |
| Thor-Delta M | United States
|
Douglas | 34 m | 356 | 355 | No | 12 |
|
1968 | 1971 | |
| Thor-Delta M6 | United States
|
Douglas | 32.4 m | 454 | 450 | No | 1 |
|
1971 | 1971 | |
| Thor-Delta N | United States
|
Douglas | 33 m | 900 | No | 6 |
|
1968 | 1972 | ||
| Thor-Delta N6 | United States
|
Douglas | 33 m | 1,600 | No | 3 |
|
1970 | 1971 | ||
| Thor-DM21 Able-Star | United States
|
Douglas/Aerojet | 29 m | 150 | No | 11 |
|
1960 | 1962 | ||
| Thor-DSV2A Able-Star | United States
|
Douglas/Aerojet | 29 m | 150 | No | 8 |
|
1963 | 1965 | ||
| Thor-ISS | United States
|
Douglas/Thiokol | 23 m | 500 to MEO | No | 5 |
|
1976 | 1980 | ||
| Thor-SLV2A Agena-B | United States
|
Douglas/Lockheed | 31 m | 400 | No | 2 |
|
1963 | 1966 | ||
| Thor-SLV2A Agena-D | United States
|
Douglas/Lockheed | 29.3 m | 1,500 | No | 60 |
|
1963 | 1968 | ||
- ↑ Reference altitude 500 km
- ↑ First suborbital test in 1969, first orbital launch attempt in 1970
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[10]
- ↑ Without Buran, and assuming payload providing orbital insertion
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 The U.S. Space Shuttle Transportation System and the Soviet Energia-Buran system consist of launch vehicle rockets and returnable spaceplane orbiter. Payload values listed here are for the mass of the payload in cargo bay of the spaceplanes, excluding the mass of the spaceplanes themselves.
- ↑ The SpaceX website lists the F9 payload to LEO as 13,150kg. The payload to GTO is listed as 4,850kg. However, SpaceX has stated that these numbers include a 30% margin to accommodate re-usability.
- ↑ Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[34]
- ↑ Suborbital test flights in 1995, 1997 and 2002, no orbital launches attempted
- ↑ The N1 rocket was initially designed for 75 t LEO capacity and launch attempts were made with this version, but there were studies to increase the payload capacity to 90–95 t, if a liquid-hydrogen upper stage engine could be developed.
- ↑ A suborbital test flight was conducted in May 2018.[211]
- ↑ The Saturn V made 13 launches, 12 of which reached the correct orbits, and the other (Apollo 6) reached a different orbit than the one which had been planned; however, some mission objectives could still be completed; NASA, Saturn V News Reference, Appendix: Saturn V Flight History (1968) . For more information, see the Saturn V article. The Saturn V launch record is usually quoted as having never failed, e.g. "The rocket was masterminded by Wernher Von Braun and did not fail in any of its flights", Alan Lawrie and Robert Godwin; Saturn, but the Apollo 6 launch should be considered a partial mission failure. The 13th launch of Saturn V was in special configuration (SA-513) with the Skylab.
- ↑ A prior version of the SS-520 flew twice as a suborbital sounding rocket in 1998 and 2000. In 2017, the addition of a small third stage enabled orbital launches of ultra-light nano- or picosatellites.[246]
- ↑ Reference altitude 400 km
- ↑ A suborbital test flight failed in 2006. The first two orbital missions failed in 2009 and 2012, and the rocket finally reached orbit in late 2012.[267]
- ↑ A third rocket exploded before launch.
- ↑ First orbital launch attempt in 2005
Launch systems by country
The following chart shows the number of launch systems developed in each country, and broken down by operational status. Rocket variants are not distinguished; i.e., the Atlas V series is only counted once for all its configurations 401–431, 501–551, 552, and N22.
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See also
- Comparison of orbital launchers families
- Comparison of orbital rocket engines
- Comparison of crewed space vehicles
- Comparison of space station cargo vehicles
- List of space launch system designs
- Reusable launch system
- List of orbital launch systems
- Lists of rockets
- List of sounding rockets
- List of upper stages
- Non-rocket spacelaunch
Notes
- ↑ There are many different methods. Each mestylethod has drawbacks and advantages, and spacecraft propulsion is an active area of research. However, most spacecraft today are propelled by forcing a gas from the back/rear of the vehicle at very high speed through a supersonic de Laval nozzle. This sort of engine is called a rocket engine.
- ↑ The first medieval rockets were solid-fuel rockets powered by gunpowder; they were used by the Chinese, Indians, Mongols and Arabs, in warfare as early as the 13th century.
- ↑ Such as the Pegasus rocket and SpaceShipOne.
- ↑ Most satellites have simple reliable chemical thrusters (often monopropellant rockets) or resistojet rockets for orbital station-keeping and some use momentum wheels for attitude control. Soviet bloc satellites have used electric propulsion for decades, and newer Western geo-orbiting spacecraft are starting to use them for north-south stationkeeping and orbit raising. Interplanetary vehicles mostly use chemical rockets as well, although a few have used ion thrusters and Hall effect thrusters (two different types of electric propulsion) to great success.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Krebs, Gunter. "Angara Family". Gunter's Space Page. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_fam/angara.htm.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Angara Launch Vehicle Family". Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center. http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=44&lang=en.
- ↑ "Angara-1 to inaugurate new rocket family". https://www.russianspaceweb.com/angara1.html.
- ↑ Mooney, Justin (2022-10-16). "Angara 1.2 launches satellite for Russian Aerospace Forces" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/10/angara-kosmos-2560/.
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 "Atlas V". https://www.ulalaunch.com/rockets/atlas-v.
- ↑ "Atlas-5(551) (Atlas-V(551))" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/atlas-5-551.htm.
- ↑ Egan, Barbara [@barbegan13] (15 October 2016). "@torybruno @ulalaunch @baserunner0723 We are calling the config N22. No payload fairing with the Starliner on board" (in en). https://twitter.com/barbegan13/status/787351995078152192.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Percival, Claire (2022-05-29). "OFT-2 CST-100 Starliner (Uncrewed) | Atlas V N22" (in en-US). https://everydayastronaut.com/oft-2-cst-100-starliner-uncrewed-atlas-v-n22/.
- ↑ Roulette, Joey (22 December 2019). "'Bull's-eye' landing in New Mexico for Boeing's Starliner astronaut capsule". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-exploration-boeing/bulls-eye-landing-in-new-mexico-for-boeings-starliner-astronaut-capsule-idUSKBN1YQ03X.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Krebs, Gunter. "Ceres-1 (Gushenxing-1, GX-1)". Gunter's Space Page. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/ceres-1.htm.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 "Ceres-1". https://www.galactic-energy.cn/index.php/En/List/cid/14.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Ceres-1 (Gushenxing-1, GX-1)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/ceres-1.htm.
- ↑ Kim, Jeongmin (1 June 2023). "North Korea rushed satellite launch after seeing ROK rocket success, Seoul says". NK News. https://www.nknews.org/2023/06/north-korea-rushed-satellite-launch-after-seeing-rok-rocket-success-seoul-says/.
- ↑ "Chollima-1" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/chollima-1.htm.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 "Delta IV". https://www.ulalaunch.com/rockets/delta-iv.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Krebs, Gunter. "Delta-4". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/delta-4.htm.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Electron" (in en). https://www.rocketlabusa.com/launch/electron/.
- ↑ "Completed Missions" (in en). https://www.rocketlabusa.com/missions/completed-missions/.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 "Projects&Products". IHI Aerospace. http://www.ihi.co.jp/ia/en/product/rocket.html.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 Krebs, Gunter. "Epsilon". Gunter's Space Page. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/epsilon.htm.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 "SpaceX - Falcon 9" (in en). http://www.spacex.com/.
- ↑ Either 2 or 3 boosters recoverable
- ↑ Musk, Elon. Making Life Multiplanetary. SpaceX. Event occurs at 15:35. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved 22 March 2018 – via YouTube.
BFR in fully reusable configuration, without any orbital refueling, we expect to have a payload capability of 150 tonnes to low Earth orbit and that compares to about 30 for Falcon Heavy
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 "SpaceX - Falcon Heavy" (in en). http://www.spacex.com/.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Alpha Launch Vehicle" (in en-US). https://fireflyspace.com/alpha/.
- ↑ "Missions Archive" (in en-US). https://fireflyspace.com/missions/.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Krebs, Gunter. "Yinli-1 (Gravity-1, YL-1)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/yinli-1.htm.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 "Indian Space Research Organisation - Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark II". https://www.isro.gov.in/GSLV_CON.html.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "GSLV". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/gslv.htm.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 "H-IIA – User's Manual". Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, MHI Launch Services. February 2015. https://www.mhi.com/jp/products/pdf/manual.pdf.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 Krebs, Gunter. "H-2A". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/h-2a.htm.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Only the X00 version of the H3 is intended for LEO launches.[failed verification] The higher capability X02 and X03 variants could presumably launch significantly more payload to LEO, but are not specified for this mission. Space Launch Report: H3 Data Sheet[Usurped!],[|permanent dead link|dead link}}] retrieved 20 Feb. 2019/
- ↑ "H-3-22" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/h-3-22.htm.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Krebs, Gunter. "Shuang Quxian-1 (SQX-1, Hyperbola-1)". Gunter's Space Page. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/shuang-quxian-1.htm.
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 "Shuang Quxian-1 (SQX-1, Hyperbola-1)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/shuang-quxian-1.htm.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Krebs, Gunter. "Jielong-1 (Smart Dragon-1, SD 1)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/jielong-1.htm.
- ↑ "China's Jielong 1 smallsat launcher successful on first flight – Spaceflight Now" (in en-US). https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/08/17/chinas-jielong-1-smallsat-launcher-successful-on-first-flight/.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 Krebs, Gunter. "Jielong-3 (Smart Dragon-3, SD 3)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/jielong-3.htm.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 "Lijian-1 (Kinetica-1, Zhongke-1, ZK-1)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/lijian-1.htm.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Kuaizhou-1A (KZ-1A)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/kuaizhou-1a.htm.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Kuaizhou-1 (KZ-1) / Fei Tian 1". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/kuaizhou-1.htm.
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Private Chinese rocket reaches orbit 2 years after test-flight failure (video)" (in en). 2022-12-07. https://www.space.com/china-kuaizhou-11-solid-rocket-launch-success.
- ↑ "Kuaizhou-11 (KZ-11)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/kuaizhou-11.htm.
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 "LM-2C --- Launch Vehicle --- CGWIC". http://cgwic.com/Launchservice/LM2C.html.
- ↑ "Two satellites with secretive missions launched by China". Spaceflight Now. 12 October 2018. https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/10/12/two-satellites-with-secretive-missions-launched-by-china/.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-2 (Chang Zheng-2)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/cz-2.htm.
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 "China_Orbital_Launch_Activity_2020.pdf". https://docs.google.com/gview?url=https://brycetech.com/reports/report-documents/China_Orbital_Launch_Activity_2020.pdf.
- ↑ "LM-2D --- Launch Vehicle --- CGWIC". http://www.cgwic.com/LaunchServices/LaunchVehicle/LM2D.html.
- ↑ 49.00 49.01 49.02 49.03 49.04 49.05 49.06 49.07 49.08 49.09 49.10 49.11 49.12 49.13 49.14 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-3 (Chang Zheng-3)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/cz-3.htm.
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 "CZ-4B (Chang Zheng-4B)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/cz-4b.htm.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-4C (Chang Zheng-4C)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/cz-4c.htm.
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 "China Great Wall Industry Corporation(CGWIC)". http://cgwic.com/Launchservice/LM5.html.
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-5 (Chang Zheng-5)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/cz-5.htm.
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 Jones, Andrew (2020-07-17). "Long March 5 rolled out for July 23 launch of China's Tianwen-1 Mars mission" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/long-march-5-rolled-out-for-july-23-launch-of-chinas-tianwen-1-mars-mission/.
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 "China's Long March 7A rocket successful on second flight – Spaceflight Now" (in en-US). https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/03/12/chinas-long-march-7a-rocket-successful-on-second-flight/.
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 "CZ-6 (Chang Zheng-6)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/cz-6.htm.
- ↑ "China launches Yaogan 40 spy satellite on Long March 6A rocket (video)" (in en). 2023-09-11. https://www.space.com/china-yaogan-40-spy-satellite-long-march-6a-launch-video.
- ↑ "CZ-6A (Chang Zheng-6A)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/cz-6a.htm.
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 Volosín, Juan I. Morales (2023-05-08). "Tianzhou-6 | Long March 7" (in en-US). https://everydayastronaut.com/tianzhou-6-long-march-7/.
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 "CZ-7A (Chang Zheng-7A)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/cz-7a.htm.
- ↑ "长征七号首飞成功 空间实验室任务大幕拉开" (in zh). 2016-06-25. http://www.spacechina.com/n25/n144/n206/n214/c1339839/content.html.
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 "Long March 8 rocket lifts 5 satellites in debut flight". https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6810962/content.html.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-8 (Chang Zheng-8)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/cz-8.htm.
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-11 (Chang Zheng-11)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/cz-11.htm.
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 "Indian Space Research Organisation - LVM3(Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III)". https://www.isro.gov.in/GSLVmk3_CON.html.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "GSLV Mk.3 (LVM-3)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/gslv-mk3.htm.
- ↑ "Crew module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment (CARE)". ISRO. 18 December 2014. http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/crew-module-atmospheric-re-entry-experiment-care.
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 "Taurus". Orbital Sciences Corporation. 2012. http://www.orbital.com/spacelaunch/taurus/.
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 69.4 "Taurus / Minotaur-C" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/taurus.htm.
- ↑ 70.0 70.1 "Minotaur Rocket" (in en). https://www.northropgrumman.com/space/minotaur-rocket.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Minotaur-1 (OSP-SLV)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/minotaur-1.htm.
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 72.4 Krebs, Gunter. "Minotaur-3/-4/-5/-6 (OSP-2 Peacekeeper SLV)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/minotaur-4.htm.
- ↑ 73.0 73.1 동아사이언스 (2022-12-04). "누리호 탑재 중량 1.5t→1.9t으로 성능 '업'" (in ko). http://m.dongascience.com/news.php?idx=57409.
- ↑ "Nuri (KSLV-2)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/kslv-2.htm.
- ↑ "Pegasus Rocket" (in en). https://www.northropgrumman.com/space/pegasus-rocket.
- ↑ "Pegasus" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/pegasus.htm.
- ↑ "Proton Launch System Mission Planner's Guide – Section 2. LV Performance". International Launch Services. July 2009. http://www.ilslaunch.com/sites/default/files/pdf/PMPG Section 2.pdf.
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 Krebs, Gunter. "Proton-K and -M Briz-M". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/proton-m_briz-m.htm.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Proton-M Blok-DM-2". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/proton-m_blok-dm-2.htm.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Proton-M Blok-DM-03". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/proton-m_blok-dm-03.htm.
- ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 81.4 "PSLV-CA (2)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pslv-ca_2.htm.
- ↑ "PSLV-CA (1)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pslv-ca.htm.
- ↑ "PSLV-DL" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pslv-dl.htm.
- ↑ "PSLV-QL" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pslv-ql.htm.
- ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 85.3 "PSLV-XL" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pslv-xl.htm.
- ↑ Arunan, S.; Satish, R. (25 September 2015). "Mars Orbiter Mission spacecraft and its challenges". Current Science 109 (6): 1061–1069. doi:10.18520/v109/i6/1061-1069.
- ↑ "Qaem-100" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/qaem-100.htm.
- ↑ 88.0 88.1 "Qased" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/qased.htm.
- ↑ Opall-Rome, Barbara (2011-06-09). "Israel Eyes Overseas Launch of Next Ofeq Spy Satellite" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/israel-eyes-overseas-launch-next-ofeq-spy-satellite/.
- ↑ "Shavit-2" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/shavit-2.htm.
- ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 Krebs, Gunter. "Simorgh (Safir-2)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/simorgh.htm.
- ↑ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-satellite-space-launch-rocket-missiles-b2486138.html
- ↑ 93.0 93.1 "GYUB (South Korean Solid Fueled LV)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/gyub.htm.
- ↑ 94.0 94.1 "SOYUZ-2 Launch Vehicle". https://en.samspace.ru/products/launch_vehicles/rn_soyuz_2/.
- ↑ 95.0 95.1 "Soyuz-2-1a Fregat" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-2-1a_fregat.htm.
- ↑ "Soyuz-2-1a (14A14)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-2-1a.htm.
- ↑ "Soyuz-2-1a Volga" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-2-1a_volga.htm.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-2-1a (14A14)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-2-1a.htm.
- ↑ 99.0 99.1 99.2 "Soyuz-2-1b Fregat" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-2-1b_fregat.htm.
- ↑ "Soyuz-2-1b" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-2-1b.htm.
- ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz core only". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/soyuz_core_only.htm.
- ↑ "Starship". SpaceX. https://www.spacex.com/starship.
- ↑ "SpaceX" (in en). http://www.spacex.com/.
- ↑ 104.0 104.1 "NASA's Space Launch System Reference Guide (Web Version)". https://www3.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/sls_reference_guide_2022_v2_508_0.pdf.
- ↑ "SLS" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/sls.htm.
- ↑ Lock, Samantha (16 November 2022). "NASA Artemis 1 launch: Rocket lifts off on moon mission – as it happened". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/live/2022/nov/16/artemis-1-nasa-rocket-launch-moon-mission-space-live-updates.
- ↑ 107.0 107.1 "Indian Space Research Organisation". https://www.isro.gov.in/sslv_CON.html.
- ↑ "List of SSLV Launches". https://www.isro.gov.in/SSLV_Launchers.html.
- ↑ 109.0 109.1 109.2 "Tianlong-2" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/tianlong-2.htm.
- ↑ "Vega (P80 based)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/vega_p80.htm.
- ↑ "Vega User's Manual". Arianespace. April 2014. pp. 2–10. http://www.arianespace.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Vega-Users-Manual_Issue-04_April-2014.pdf.
- ↑ "Vega" (in en-US). https://www.arianespace.com/vehicle/vega/.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Vega". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/vega_p80.htm.
- ↑ 114.0 114.1 "Vega C - Arianespace". Arianespace. https://www.arianespace.com/vehicle/vega-c/.
- ↑ "Vega-C" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/vega-c.htm.
- ↑ 116.0 116.1 116.2 "Vulcan". https://www.ulalaunch.com/rockets/vulcan-centaur.
- ↑ "Vulcan" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/vulcan.htm.
- ↑ 118.0 118.1 118.2 "Zhuque-2 (ZQ-2, LandSpace-2, LS-2)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/zhuque-2.htm.
- ↑ Jones, Andrew [@AJ_FI] (14 December 2022). "Looks like Zhuque-2 second stage failed to reach orbital velocity. Satellites lost. Similar to Zhuque-1 launch four years ago. t.co/DuDtHVHyyc" (in en). https://twitter.com/AJ_FI/status/1602975302501662720.
- ↑ 120.0 120.1 120.2 120.3 120.4 120.5 Lagier, Roland (March 2018). "Ariane 6 User's Manual Issue 1 Revision 0". Arianespace. http://www.arianespace.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Mua-6_Issue-1_Revision-0_March-2018.pdf.
- ↑ 121.0 121.1 Berger, Eric (2023-05-12). "The Ariane 6 rocket will now debut no earlier than the spring of 2024" (in en-us). https://arstechnica.com/science/2023/05/the-ariane-6-rockets-debut-will-slip-into-2024-the-question-is-how-far/.
- ↑ 122.0 122.1 "Mission ― Perigee". https://perigee.space/mission/.
- ↑ 123.0 123.1 Boucher, Marc (14 March 2017). "Exclusive: Maritime Launch Services Selects Nova Scotia Site for Spaceport Over 13 Other Locations". SpaceQ. https://spaceq.ca/maritime-launch-services-selects-nova-scotia-site-for-spaceport-over-13-other-locations/.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Tsiklon-4M (Cyclone-4M)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/tsiklon-4m.htm.
- ↑ "Precious Payload allies with Maritime Launch + adds Canada's 1st commercial spaceport to the Launch.ctrl marketplace for smallsat interests – SatNews". https://news.satnews.com/2022/12/09/precious-payload-allies-with-maritime-launch-adds-canadas-1st-commercial-spaceport-to-the-launch-ctrl-marketplace-for-smallsat-interests/.
- ↑ "LAUNCH" (in en). https://www.gspacetech.com/launch.
- ↑ Jones, Andrew (2 November 2023). "China's iSpace launches and lands rocket test stage". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/chinas-ispace-launches-and-lands-rocket-test-stage/.
- ↑ "Launch Vehicle". Space One. https://www.space-one.co.jp/vehicle/index_e.html.
- ↑ 129.0 129.1 Jones, Andrew (28 June 2021). "China's super heavy rocket to construct space-based solar power station". https://spacenews.com/chinas-super-heavy-rocket-to-construct-space-based-solar-power-station/.
- ↑ Jones, Andrew (5 July 2018). "China reveals details for super-heavy-lift Long March 9 and reusable Long March 8 rockets". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/china-reveals-details-for-super-heavy-lift-long-march-9-and-reusable-long-march-8-rockets/.
- ↑ Pinedo, Emma (20 October 2023). "Spain's PLD Space expects first orbital launch in Q1 2026 from French Guiana". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/spains-pld-space-expects-first-orbital-launch-q1-2026-french-guiana-2023-10-20/.
- ↑ "Medium Launch Vehicle". Firefly Aerospace. https://fireflyspace.com/mlv/.
- ↑ "JP Introducing Neutron". 2021-03-01. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agqxJw5ISdk.
- ↑ Foust, Jeff (8 March 2017). "Eutelsat first customer for Blue Origin's New Glenn". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/eutelsat-first-customer-for-blue-origins-new-glenn/.
- ↑ "Interview. Bordeaux : après des essais dans leur jardin, ils vont lancer leur fusée dans l'espace" (in fr). 2023-05-04. https://actu.fr/societe/bordeaux-apres-des-essais-dans-leur-jardin-ils-vont-lancer-leur-fusee-dans-l-espace_59409862.html.
- ↑ China 'N Asia Spaceflight 🚀🛰️🙏 [@CNSpaceflight] (9 January 2023). "GAPACTIC-ENERGY's another important goal is to develop the reusable kerosene fueled rocket PALLAS-1, which is now targeted in 2024 for first launch t.co/TMrTZ6ZD8D t.co/xPKe0mVIBB" (in en). https://twitter.com/CNSpaceflight/status/1612449239786786816.
- ↑ Foust, Jeff (18 July 2018). "Orbex stakes claim to European smallsat launch market". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/orbex-stakes-claim-to-european-smallsat-launch-market/.
- ↑ 138.0 138.1 "LAUNCHER – Rocket Factory Augsburg" (in en-US). https://www.rfa.space/launcher/.
- ↑ "Shetland's SaxaVord spaceport will soon be launching satellites into orbit". Express. 24 June 2023. https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1783992/Shetland-SaxaVord-spaceport-launching-satellites.
- ↑ 140.0 140.1 "ABL Space Systems". https://www.ablspacesystems.com.
- ↑ "Skyrora XL Rocket | Skyrora". https://www.skyrora.com/skyrora-xl#section-5.
- ↑ "Space Launch System". NASA. 11 October 2017. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/sls_fact_sheet_final_10112017.pdf.
- ↑ 143.0 143.1 Harbaugh, Jennifer (9 July 2018). "The Great Escape: SLS Provides Power for Missions to the Moon". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/to-the-moon.html.
- ↑ Creech, Stephen (April 2014). "NASA's Space Launch System: A Capability for Deep Space Exploration". NASA. p. 2. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/Creech_SLS_Deep_Space.pdf.
- ↑ Zak, Anatoly (7 August 2017). "Preliminary design for Soyuz-5 races to completion". http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz5-lv-2017.html.
- ↑ "First launch of Soyuz-5 rocket due Dec 24, 2025". TASS. 17 August 2023. https://tass.com/science/1661733.
- ↑ 147.0 147.1 Berger, Eric (7 October 2020). "Russian space corporation unveils planned "Amur" rocket—and it looks familiar". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/10/russian-space-corporation-unveils-planned-amur-rocket-and-it-looks-familiar/.
- ↑ 148.0 148.1 "Spectrum" (in en). https://www.isaraerospace.com/spectrum.
- ↑ Jones, Andrew (2023-11-03). "Norway opens Andøya spaceport" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/norway-opens-andoya-spaceport/.
- ↑ 150.0 150.1 "Relativity Space Shares Updated Go-to-Market Approach for Terran R, Taking Aim at Medium to Heavy Payload Category with Next-Generation Rocket". Relativity Space (Press release). 12 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ↑ "Vega E: M10 motor / Mira". Avio. http://www.avio.com/en/vega/vega-e/vega-e-mira-motor/.
- ↑ 152.0 152.1 152.2 "Launch Vehicle" (in en-US). 2019-01-10. https://skyroot.in/launch-vehicle/.
- ↑ "Skyroot Aerospace" (in en-US). https://skyroot.in/.
- ↑ 154.0 154.1 "Rocket Rundown – A Fleet Overview". ULA. November 2019. https://www.ulalaunch.com/docs/default-source/rockets/atlas-v-and-delta-iv-technical-summary.pdf.
- ↑ Axe, David. "Iran's New Space Rocket Could Double As A Nuclear Missile" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2021/02/01/irans-new-space-rocket-could-double-as-a-weapon/.
- ↑ 156.0 156.1 156.2 Krebs, Gunter. "Antares (Taurus-2)". Gunter's Space Page. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/antares_osc.htm.
- ↑ 157.00 157.01 157.02 157.03 157.04 157.05 157.06 157.07 157.08 157.09 157.10 157.11 157.12 157.13 157.14 157.15 157.16 157.17 Krebs, Gunter. "Ariane-1, -2, -3, -4". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/ariane.htm.
- ↑ 158.0 158.1 158.2 158.3 158.4 158.5 158.6 158.7 158.8 Krebs, Gunter. "Ariane-5". Gunter's Space Page. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/ariane-5.htm.
- ↑ "Ariane 5". http://andegraf.com/rockets/ariane5.htm.
- ↑ "Final launch of Ariane 5 GS completes busy year / Launchers / Our Activities / ESA". European Space Agency. 2009-12-19. http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM5TFAK73G_index_0.html.
- ↑ 161.0 161.1 "Ariane 5 Users Manual". Arianespace. p. 39 (ISS orbit). http://www.arianespace.com/site/documents/Ariane5_users_manual_Issue4.pdf.
- ↑ "Ariane 5 sets new record on latest launch". 24 October 2021. https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Ariane/Ariane_5_sets_new_record_on_latest_launch.
- ↑ "Welcome To ISRO :: Launch Vehicles". ISRO. http://www.isro.org/Launchvehicles/launchvehicles.aspx#ASLV.
- ↑ 164.0 164.1 Krebs, Gunter. "SLV-3 / ASLV". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/slv_aslv.htm.
- ↑ "Athena-1 (LLV-1 / LMLV-1)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/athena-1.htm.
- ↑ "NASA, Athena Mission Planner's Guide 26 August 2012". https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/Athena_MPG_01-23-12.pdf.
- ↑ "Athena-2". Astronautix.com. http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/athena2.htm.
- ↑ "Athena-2 (LLV-2 / LMLV-2)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/athena-2.htm.
- ↑ Encyclopedia Astronautica, Black Arrow
- ↑ astronautix.com, Titan III
- ↑ 171.0 171.1 Krebs, Gunter. "Dnepr". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/dnepr-1.htm.
- ↑ Clark, Stephen (30 December 2016). "Iridium satellites closed up for launch on Falcon 9 rocket". http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/12/30/iridium-satellites-closed-up-for-launch-on-falcon-9-rocket/. "Russian officials have said they plan to discontinue Dnepr launches."
- ↑ 173.0 173.1 173.2 "S. P. Korolev RSC Energia – LAUNCHERS". Energia. http://www.energia.ru/english/energia/launchers/vehicle_energia.html.
- ↑ Wade, Mark. "Energia". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/fam/energia.htm.
- ↑ 175.0 175.1 Krebs, Gunter. "Falcon-1". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/falcon-1.htm.
- ↑ 176.0 176.1 "Falcon 9". SpaceX. 2012-11-16. http://www.spacex.com/falcon9.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Falcon-9". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_fam/falcon-9.htm.
- ↑ 178.0 178.1 178.2 178.3 "Capabilities & Services". SpaceX. http://www.spacex.com/about/capabilities.
- ↑ de Selding, Peter B. (June 15, 2016). "Iridium's SpaceX launch slowed by Vandenberg bottleneck". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/iridiums-spacex-launch-slowed-by-vandenberg-bottleneck/.
- ↑ Feng Bao 1, part of CZ family
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "FB-1 (Feng Bao-1)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/fb-1.htm.
- ↑ 182.0 182.1 182.2 182.3 182.4 Krebs, Gunter. "GSLV". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/gslv.htm.
- ↑ "JERS (Fuyo)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/jers.htm.
- ↑ astronautix.com, H-2
- ↑ 185.0 185.1 Krebs, Gunter. "H-2". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/h-2.htm.
- ↑ astronautix.com H-IIA 2024
- ↑ "MHI Launch Services: Launch Vehicles". Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, MHI Launch Services. https://www.mhi.com/products/space/launch_srv_lineup.html.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "H-2B". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/h-2b.htm.
- ↑ 189.0 189.1 Krebs, Gunter. "Kaituozhe-2 (KT-2)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/kaituozhe-2.htm.
- ↑ "Cosmos-1, 3, 3M and 3MU – SL-8 – C-1". http://www.russianspaceweb.com/cosmos3.html.
- ↑ 191.0 191.1 191.2 191.3 191.4 191.5 191.6 "Nissan Heritage Collection online【その他】プリンス自動車工業小史". Nissan Motors. http://nissan-heritage-collection.com/NEWS/publicContents/index.php?procType=CATEGORY&catID=14.
- ↑ 192.0 192.1 192.2 192.3 192.4 192.5 192.6 "Satellite Launch Vehicles". Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS). http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/rockets/vehicles/index.shtml.
- ↑ astronautix.com, Long March 1, also called CZ-1
- ↑ 194.0 194.1 Krebs, Gunter. "CZ-1 (Chang Zheng-1)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/cz-1.htm.
- ↑ astronautix.com, Long March 1D (CZ-1D)
- ↑ astronautix.com Long March 2A – CZ-2A
- ↑ "LM-3A Series Launch Vehicles User's Manual Issue 2011". 2011. http://www.cgwic.com/LaunchServices/Download/manual/LM-3A Series Launch Vehicles User's Manual Issue 2011.pdf.
- ↑ astronautix.com, Encyclopedia Astronautica, Molniya 8K78M
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Molniya (8K78)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/molniya.htm.
- ↑ "US-K (73D6)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/us-k.htm.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Molniya and Soyuz with upper stages". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/molniya.htm.
- ↑ "Complex N1-L3". Energia.ru. http://www.energia.ru/en/history/systems/vehicles/vehicle_n1-l3.html.
- ↑ "L3". Astronautix.com. http://www.astronautix.com/craft/l3.htm.
- ↑ "RSC "Energia" – History". Energia.ru. 2011-04-12. http://www.energia.ru/en/history/systems/vehicles/vehicle_n1-l3_c.html.
- ↑ Wade, Mark. "N1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/n1.htm.
- ↑ astronautix.com, N-I- Delta
- ↑ astronautix.com, Encyclopedia Astronautica, N-2
- ↑ "STSAT 2C". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/stsat-2c.htm.
- ↑ Goh, Deyana (5 July 2018). "Chinese startup One Space successfully tests first stage engine for orbital rocket". Spacetech Asia. http://www.spacetechasia.com/chinese-startup-one-space-successfully-tests-first-stage-engine-for-orbital-rocket/.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "OS-M (Chongqing SQX)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/os-m.htm.
- ↑ Jones, Andrew (17 May 2018). "Chinese company OneSpace sends OS-X rocket to 40 km in maiden flight". GBTimes. https://gbtimes.com/chinese-company-onespace-sends-os-x-rocket-to-40-km-in-maiden-flight.
- ↑ Encyclopedia Astronautica, Proton-K
- ↑ "Launch Vehicles". http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/space/lectures/lec17.html.
- ↑ "Proton". Astronautix.com. http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/proton.htm.
- ↑ "Outcome Budget 2016–2017". Government of India, Department of Space. 2016. https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/7064/outcomebudget2016-2017.pdf. "Currently, two versions of PSLV are operational, namely PSLV-XL (with six extended version of Strap-on motors) and the PSLV Core-alone (without Strap-on motors)."
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Rokot (Rockot)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/rokot.htm.
- ↑ "ABL Space Systems maiden flight fails after liftoff". 10 February 2023. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/01/abl-rs1-demo-1/.
- ↑ astronautix.com, Saturn I
- ↑ 219.0 219.1 "Saturn-1 & Saturn-1B". Space.skyrocket.de. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/saturn-1.htm.
- ↑ Encyclopedia Astronautica, Saturn IB
- ↑ Bilstein, Roger E.. "Appendix C: Saturn Family/Mission Data". NASA History Office. https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/app-c.htm.
- ↑ "Rocket and Space Technology". Braeunig.us. http://www.braeunig.us/space/specs/saturn.htm.
- ↑ Alan Lawrie and Robert Godwin, Saturn, 2005 (paperback, Apogee Books Space Series, 2010), ISBN:1-894959-19-1
- ↑ John Duncan, Saturn V Flight History (1999), web page (accessed 20 August 2010)
- ↑ "Vysota / Volna / Shtil". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/shtil_volna.htm.
- ↑ 226.0 226.1 226.2 "Vysota / Volna / Shtil". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/shtil_volna.htm.
- ↑ 227.0 227.1 227.2 "SLV-3". http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_1/India/SLV/Description/Frame.htm.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz (11A511)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz.htm.
- ↑ "Soyuz-FG Launch Vehicle". Progress Rocket Space Centre. http://en.samspace.ru/products/launch_vehicles/rn_soyuz_fg/.
- ↑ 230.0 230.1 230.2 230.3 Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz with Fregat upper stage". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/soyuz_fregat.htm.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-FG (11A511U-FG)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-fg.htm.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-L (11A511L)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-l.htm.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-M (11A511M)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-m.htm.
- ↑ "Soyuz-ST". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/soyuzst.htm. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
- ↑ 235.0 235.1 "Soyuz-ST Launch Vehicle". Progress Rocket Space Centre. http://en.samspace.ru/products/launch_vehicles/rn_soyuz_st/.
- ↑ "Soyuz 2 Launch Vehicle". http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz2_lv.html.
- ↑ "Soyuz overview". Arianespace. http://www.arianespace.com/vehicle/soyuz/.
- ↑ 238.0 238.1 "Soyuz-U Launch Vehicle". http://en.samspace.ru/products/launch_vehicles/rn_soyuz_u/.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz with Ikar and Volga upper stages". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/soyuz_ikar-volga.htm.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-U (11A511U)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-u.htm.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-u2.htm.
- ↑ 242.0 242.1 Krebs, Gunter. "Shuttle (STS)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/sts.htm.
- ↑ "SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PAYLOADS". Kennedy Space Center. 2000. http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/carriers.html.
- ↑ "NASA – Space Shuttle". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/main/index.html.
- ↑ "Sputnik 2 (PS-2 #1)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/sputnik-2.htm.
- ↑ 246.0 246.1 Krebs, Gunter. "SS-520". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/ss-520.htm.
- ↑ Graham, William (3 February 2018). "Japanese sounding rocket claims record-breaking orbital launch". NASASpaceFlight. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/02/japanese-rocket-record-borbital-launch/.
- ↑ "Experimental Launch of World's Smallest Orbital Space Rocket ends in Failure". Spaceflight 101. 14 January 2017. http://spaceflight101.com/ss-520-4-rocket-launches-on-experimental-mission/.
- ↑ "Start-1". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/start-1.htm.
- ↑ "Strela launcher". http://www.russianspaceweb.com/strela.html.
- ↑ "Strela". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/strela.htm.
- ↑ "Terran". https://www.relativityspace.com/rockets.
- ↑ astronautix.com, Titan II GLV
- ↑ astronautix.com, Titan 23G
- ↑ astronautix.com, Titan IIIC
- ↑ astronautix.com, Titan IIID
- ↑ astronautix.com, Titan IIIE
- ↑ 258.0 258.1 "Titan-4". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/titan-4.htm.
- ↑ 259.0 259.1 "Titan-4". Space.skyrocket.de. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/titan-4.htm.
- ↑ 260.0 260.1 "Fact Sheet – Titan IVB". United States Air Force. https://www.maxwell.af.mil/au/awc/space/factsheets/titan_ivb.htm.
- ↑ astronautix.com, Tsyklon-2A
- ↑ "Tsiklon-2A (11K67)". Space.skyrocket.de. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/tsiklon-2a.htm.
- ↑ astronautix.com, Tsyklon-2
- ↑ 264.0 264.1 "Tsiklon-2 (11K69)". Space.skyrocket.de. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/tsiklon-2.htm.
- ↑ nasaspaceflight.com, Tsyklon-3
- ↑ 266.0 266.1 "Tsiklon-3 (11K68)". Space.skyrocket.de. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/tsiklon-3.htm.
- ↑ 267.0 267.1 Krebs, Gunter. "Unha ("Taepodong-2")". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/unha.htm.
- ↑ astronautix.com, vanguard
- ↑ "VLS". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/vls.htm.
- ↑ "IRDT 1, 2, 2R". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/irdt-1.htm.
- ↑ "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-014A.
- ↑ 272.0 272.1 "Spacecraft – Vostok". http://www.braeunig.us/space/specs/vostok.htm.
- ↑ "Meteor-2 (11F632)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/meteor-2.htm.
- ↑ astronautix.com, Soyuz/Vostok
- ↑ 275.0 275.1 Kyle, Ed. "Zenit Data Sheet". Spacelaunchreport.com. http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/zenit.html.
- ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Zenit-2". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/zenit-2.htm.
- ↑ "Zenit launch vehicle". Russianspaceweb.com. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/zenit.html.
- ↑ "Elektro-L 1, 2, 3". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/elektro-l.htm.
- ↑ 279.0 279.1 279.2 279.3 279.4 Krebs, Gunter. "Zenit-3". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/zenit-3.htm.
- ↑ Jones, Andrew (2 August 2018). "Landspace of China to launch first rocket in Q4 2018". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/landspace-of-china-to-launch-first-rocket-in-q4-2018.
- ↑ 281.0 281.1 Barbosa, Rui C. (27 October 2018). "Chinese commercial provider LandSpace launches Weilai-1 on a Zhuque-1 rockets – fails to make orbit". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/10/chinese-landspace-launches-weilai-1-zhuque-1-rocket/.
- ↑ "Atlas Centaur LV-3C Development". 25 March 2023. http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/aclv3cb.html.
- ↑ "Atlas Centaur". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/atlas_centaur.htm.
- ↑ 284.00 284.01 284.02 284.03 284.04 284.05 284.06 284.07 284.08 284.09 284.10 284.11 284.12 284.13 284.14 284.15 284.16 284.17 284.18 284.19 284.20 284.21 284.22 Krebs, Gunter. "Atlas Centaur". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/atlas_centaur.htm.
- ↑ astronautix.com, Atlas H
- ↑ astronautix.com, Atlas IIIB
- ↑ "ULA launches two space surveillance satellites for U.S. Space Force" (in en-US). 2022-01-21. https://spacenews.com/ula-launches-two-space-surveillance-satellites-for-u-s-space-force/.
- ↑ "WMO OSCAR – Satellite: NOAA-3". http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/325.
- ↑ "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=ITOS-E1.
- ↑ 290.00 290.01 290.02 290.03 290.04 290.05 290.06 290.07 290.08 290.09 290.10 290.11 290.12 290.13 290.14 290.15 290.16 290.17 290.18 290.19 290.20 290.21 290.22 290.23 290.24 290.25 290.26 290.27 290.28 290.29 290.30 290.31 290.32 290.33 290.34 290.35 290.36 290.37 290.38 290.39 290.40 290.41 290.42 290.43 290.44 290.45 290.46 290.47 290.48 290.49 290.50 290.51 290.52 Krebs, Gunter. "Delta". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/delta.htm.
- ↑ Wade, Mark. "Delta 0300". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela0300.htm.
- ↑ Wade, Mark. "Delta 0900". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela0900.htm.
- ↑ "GEOS 3". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/geos-3.htm.
- ↑ "1972 – 2616 – Flight Archive". https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1972/1972 - 2616.html.
- ↑ "OSO 8". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/oso-8.htm.
- ↑ "Explorer: RAE B". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/explorer_rae-b.htm.
- ↑ "Delta-1914". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/delta-1914.htm.
- ↑ "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1976-077A.
- ↑ "Skynet 2A, 2B". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/skynet-2.htm.
- ↑ 300.0 300.1 Wade, Mark. "Delta 2913". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela2913.htm.
- ↑ "Explorer: DE 1, 2". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/explorer_de.htm.
- ↑ Wade, Mark. "Delta 4000". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela4000.htm.
- ↑ Wade, Mark. "Delta 5000". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela5000.htm.
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