Outline Of Thought

Short description: Overview of and topical guide to thought

A thinking chimpanzee

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to thought (thinking):

Thought (also called thinking) – mental process in which beings form psychological associations and models of the world. Thinking is manipulating information, as when we form concepts, engage in problem solving, reason and make decisions. Thought, the act of thinking, produces more thoughts. A thought may be an idea, an image, a sound or even control an emotional feeling.

Nature of thought

Thought (or thinking) can be described as all of the following:

An activity taking place in a:
- brain – organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals (only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain). It is the physical structure associated with the mind.
  - mind – abstract entity with the cognitive faculties of consciousness, perception, thinking, judgement, and memory. Having a mind is a characteristic of living creatures.^[1]^[2] Activities taking place in a mind are called mental processes or cognitive functions.
- computer (see § Machine thought below) – general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations (an algorithm) can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem.
An activity of intelligence – intelligence is the intellectual process of which is marked by cognition, motivation, and self-awareness.^[3] Through intelligence, living creatures possess the cognitive abilities to learn, form concepts, understand, apply logic, and reason, including the capacities to recognize patterns, comprehend ideas, plan, problem solve, make decisions, retaining, and use language to communicate. Intelligence enables living creatures to experience and think.
- A type of mental process – something that individuals can do with their minds. Mental processes include perception, memory, thinking, volition, and emotion. Sometimes the term cognitive function is used instead.
A biological adaptation mechanism^[4]
- Neural Network explanation: Thoughts are created by the summation of neural outputs and connections of which vectors form. These vectors describe the magnitude and direction of the connections and action between neurons. The graphs of these vectors can represent a network of neurons whose connections fire in different ways over time as synapses fire. These large thought vectors in the brain cause other vectors of activity. For example: An input from the environment is received by the neural network. The network changes the magnitude and outputs of individual neurons. The altered network outputs the symbols needed to make sense of the input.

Types of thoughts

Content of thoughts

Types of thought (thinking)

Listed below are types of thought, also known as thinking processes.

Animal thought

Human thought

Classifications of thought

Bloom's taxonomy
Philosophy:Dual process theory – Psychological theory of how thought can arise in two different ways
Philosophy:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
Philosophy:Higher-order thinking – Concept in education and education reform
Philosophy:Theory of multiple intelligences – Theory of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner
Philosophy:Three-stratum theory – Cognitive ability theory

Creative processes

Decision-making

Main page: Decision-making

Erroneous thinking

Emotional intelligence (emotionally based thinking)

Problem solving

Problem solving – Approaches to problem solving

Reasoning

Machine thought

Organizational thought

Organizational thought (thinking by organizations)

Management information system – Information system used for decision-making
Organization:Organizational communication – Field of study in communication studies
Organizational planning
- Social:Strategic planning – Organizational decision making process
Social:Strategic thinking – Cognitive activity
Systems theory – Interdisciplinary study of systems

Aspects of the thinker

Aspects of the thinker which may affect (help or hamper) his or her thinking:

Properties of thought

Fields that study thought

Thought tools and thought research

Cognitive model
Engineering:Design tool
Diagram – Symbolic representation of information using visualization techniques
- Argument map – Visual representation of the structure of an argument
- Concept map – Diagram showing relationships among concepts
- Mind map – Diagram to visually organize information
DSRP – Theory and method of thinking
Intelligence amplification – Use of information technology to augment human intelligence
Social:Language – Structured system of communication
Philosophy:Meditation – Mental practice of focus on a particular topic
Social:Six Thinking Hats – 1985 book by Edward de Bono
Synectics

History of thinking

History of artificial intelligence
Philosophy:History of the concept of creativity
Philosophy:History of ideas – A field of research
Philosophy:History of logic

Nootropics (cognitive enhancers and smart drugs)

Chemistry:Nootropic – Compound intended to improve cognitive function

Substances that improve mental performance:

Organizational thinking concepts

Teaching methods and skills

Awards related to thinking

Awards for acts of genius

Organizations

Associations pertaining to thought
- Organization:Association for Automated Reasoning
- Philosophy:Association for Informal Logic and Critical Thinking

Media

Publications

Books

Handbook of Automated Reasoning

Periodicals

Journal of Automated Reasoning
Journal of Formalized Reasoning
Positive Thinking Magazine

Television programs

Thinkabout (U.S. TV series)

Persons associated with thinking

People notable for their extraordinary ability to think

Geniuses
- List of Nobel laureates (see also Nobel Prize)
Polymaths

Scientists in fields that study thought

List of cognitive scientists

Scholars of thinking

Aaron T. Beck
Barry K. Beyer [2]
Edward de Bono
David D. Burns – author of Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy and The Feeling Good Handbook. Burns popularized Aaron T. Beck's cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) when his book became a best seller during the 1980s.^[7]
Tony Buzan
Noam Chomsky
Albert Ellis
Howard Gardner
Eliyahu M. Goldratt
Douglas Hofstadter
Ray Kurzweil
Marvin Minsky
Richard W. Paul [3]
Steven Pinker
Baruch Spinoza
Robert Sternberg

Related concepts

Cognition
Knowledge
Multiple intelligences
Strategy
Structure
System

Awareness and perception

Main pages: Philosophy:Awareness and Perception

Learning and memory

References

↑ Dictionary.com, "mind": "1. (in a human or other conscious being) the element, part, substance, or process that reasons, thinks, feels, wills, perceives, judges, etc.: the processes of the mind. 2. Psychology. the totality of conscious and unconscious mental processes and activities. 3. intellect or understanding, as distinguished from the faculties of feeling and willing; intelligence."
↑ Google definition, "mind": "The element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness." [1]
↑ Tirri, Nokelainen (January 2012). Measuring Multiple Intelligences and Moral Sensitivities in Education. Springer. ISBN 978-94-6091-758-5. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789460917585.
↑ Danko Nikolić (2014). "Practopoiesis: Or how life fosters a mind. arXiv:1402.5332 [q-bio.NC."]. http://www.danko-nikolic.com/?smd_process_download=1&download_id=724.
↑ "Definition of: Moral Reasoning". http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Moral Reasoning.
↑ "Dictionary Search › proportional reasoning - Quizlet". http://quizlet.com/dictionary/proportional-reasoning/.
↑ "History of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy". National Association of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists. http://www.nacbt.org/historyofcbt.htm.

External links

The Psychology of Emotions, Feelings and Thoughts, Free Online Book

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[dict-1] Dictionary.com, "mind": "1. (in a human or other conscious being) the element, part, substance, or process that reasons, thinks, feels, wills, perceives, judges, etc.: the processes of the mind. 2. Psychology. the totality of conscious and unconscious mental processes and activities. 3. intellect or understanding, as distinguished from the faculties of feeling and willing; intelligence."

[2] Google definition, "mind": "The element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness." [1]

[3] Tirri, Nokelainen (January 2012). Measuring Multiple Intelligences and Moral Sensitivities in Education. Springer. ISBN 978-94-6091-758-5. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789460917585.

[Nikolic2014-4] Danko Nikolić (2014). "Practopoiesis: Or how life fosters a mind. arXiv:1402.5332 [q-bio.NC."]. http://www.danko-nikolic.com/?smd_process_download=1&download_id=724.

[5] "Definition of: Moral Reasoning". http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Moral Reasoning.

[6] "Dictionary Search › proportional reasoning - Quizlet". http://quizlet.com/dictionary/proportional-reasoning/.

[nacbt-7] "History of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy". National Association of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists. http://www.nacbt.org/historyofcbt.htm.